Free Speech A Persuasive Speech - 1343 Words

hat is free speech? Does the term ‘free speech’ cover offensive words? Painful ones? Words that disrespect others? What about objectionable, or even wrong beliefs? When is speech illegal? What is exactly meant by free speech? The term ‘free speech’ includes ‘hate speech’, and is therefore protected by the first amendment. This means that even messages we don’t like, agree with, feel uncomfortable about, or even are disgusted by, are legal. Unfortunately, many college students consider harmful words an assault, and some students believe that such verbal attacks can and should be met with violence. Students and speakers today are discriminated against in classrooms and other scenes where free speech and debate should be especially cherished.†¦show more content†¦Finally, when a group of Jewish students tried to peacefully watch a movie in their own room, a group of protesters tried to invade. The invaders claimed that the war movie , depicting brave heroes, was offensive to Palestinian students, and should not have been watched, even though they harmed no-one by enjoying a movie, nor did they force anyone to take part. In an ironic twist of events, the same students who wish for safe places, where they can’t be hur t, seem to support both verbally and physically hurting others. Young people today have a hard time with violence. Many students reached adulthood in a household where they were neglected or abused. Almost half of homicides were of 10-29–year-olds. Bullying can lead to violence, even if it wasn’t violence itself. Media, peer pressure, drug and alcohol abuse, and certain situations all have a hand in creating violent youth. With statistics like these, there’s no wonder why such scenes like Middleton and Berkeley managed to occur. These students are lashing out with the small amount of control that they have, and calling it free speech. What, then, can be done in this situa tion? The best solution is to bring in a speaker. Not a speaker that will excite controversy, rage, or violence, but a calm-headed person to lecture. Preferably, this speaker would be eitherShow MoreRelatedFree Speech Persuasive Speech1172 Words   |  5 PagesFree speech is necessary for society to function—all speech, even the voice you don’t agree with, or think is offensive. Last week, students who attend UW made headlines for the creation of a violent video beheading a cop to promote their clothing line. The argument is not about director Eneale Pickett’s ideology; it is whether or not he had a right—free speech—to do so. For both liberals and conservatives, free speech is the â€Å"right† of every single individual living in the land of the red,Read MorePersuasive Speech On Free Speech Rights1181 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Students and their right to free speech have been debated for decades. Public schools have been challenged on many occasions for denying students their First Amendment right. Over the years the courts have ruled in favor of students and school districts. Outcomes of these rulings have varied according to the nature and extent of the student speech in question. This paper will discuss different interpretations of free speech rights for students under the Constitution’s First AmendmentRead MoreFree Money Persuasive Speech1056 Words   |  5 PagesFree Money What would you say if I told you there is a way you can save as much or more than 14,000 in ten years? You wouldn’t have to invest any money out of pocket. Your only investment would be 15 to twenty minutes a week. How many of you could use extra money to pay bills? Are there any purchases you’ve put off because you can’t afford it? Coupon clipping is not a secret to anyone. So why do so many people pass up the opportunity to save money? I don’t believe many people are awareRead MoreFree College Education Persuasive Speech1431 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral Purpose: The general purpose of the speech is to point out why college should be free. I will persuade my audience that my solution of the free college education will work. Thesis – College education is considered one of the most important factors for the nation’s economic growth, therefore free college education is a necessity. Introduction   I. Attention Getter: More Americans are getting their high school diplomas but fewer are enrolling in college. II. Common Ground: Getting into collegeRead MoreThe Art of Persuasion Essay examples918 Words   |  4 Pagesspirit, and used to win a crowds favour. There are many different types of persuasive techniques, such as the general ethos, pathos and logos, repetition, list of three and rhetoric, which was used in ancient Greek. By viewing how these techniques have been applied in J.F. Kennedys Berlin speech, George Bushs speech on the 911 incident, and Martin Luther King Jr.s famous I have a dream speech, it will become apparent how these techniques are used to position an Read MoreRhetoric And Rhetoric - I Have A Dream By Martin Luther King Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesThere are various models of rhetoric that have been applied in speeches, especially in the political and social world. For a long time, the world has been exposed to the persuasive model of rhetoric that has dominated most of the speeches we have had. A different approach to rhetoric has however not received the attention that it deserves. The rhetoric approach is called invitational model of rhetoric. The invitational approach promises to bring more impressive and long term results as opposed toRead MoreDr. King s Speech986 Words   |  4 Pagesmemorable speech occurred in a dire moment of the Civil Rights movement. His argumentative speech persuaded people in opposition to civil rights by using different methods of rhetorical appeal. Dr. King s speech was so interesting, because of the combination of rhetorical appeal styles he uses, such as ethos, logos, and pathos. A method of persuasion Dr. King uses in his speech to establish credibility and gain the trust of his audience, is known as ethos. With the subject of his speech being CivilRead MoreLiterary Techniques of Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech1223 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica with his momentous I Have a Dream speech. This speech demanded racial justice towards the mistreated black community of America. The theme of the speech was that all humans were created equal and that this should be the case for the future of America. Kings words proved to touch the hearts of millions of people and gave the nation a vocabulary to express what was happening to the black Americans. This did not happen by chance. Martin Luther Kings speech was carefully constructed so it wouldRead MoreJulius Caesar Speeches861 Words   |  4 Pagespositively of the conspirators. Antony falsely agrees. After Brutus gives his speech to the people of Rome, everyone in the crowd believes that Caesar was evil. An tony spoke following Brutus and absolutely inspired the crowd to believe in Caesar’s greatness. The mob went to the lengths of destroying the town and slaughtering anyone with the name that matches the conspirators. So the question remains, who had the most inspiring speech? The answer lies in who actually moved the crowd to the point of violenceRead MoreFinal Exam Review1463 Words   |  6 Pageslistening, encourages speakers by suspending judgment Critical: analyze, evaluate, inspect reasoning, weigh evidence (relevant, representative, recent, reliable) Appreciative: beauty of message, speaker eloquence, aesthetics 4. Disruptions to speech process (interference) †¦ know what the external barriers are to listening, and what the internal barriers are to listening †¦ which are the greater barriers (internal or external)? External Barriers: Physical noise, message problems (confusing

Difference Between American And Japanese Horror Essay

Since the early days of filmmaking, Hollywood the dominated over the world cinema. American cinema has always drawn inspiration from other nations. In the past, few countries have received more attention from Hollywood than Japan. There be little doubt that Nakata’s Ringu (1998) has much to do with the recent international interest not just in Japanese cinema, but East Asian cinema more generally. (Colette, 2008). In America and Europe horror films tell the story of extermination of evil spirits, Japanese horror films end up with the suggestion that the spirit still remain at large. That’s because Japanese don’t regard spirits only as enemies, but as being that co-exist with this world of ours. (Suzuki, 2005). In this essay I will look at the difference between American and Japanese horror style and discuss the reasons why Japanese horror films are appealing prospect for remake. To do this I need to look at the importance of Roy lee and vertigo entertainment in r emaking films such as the Ring (2002) which is directed by Gore Verbinski. The difference between Japanese and Hollywood horror is that, Hollywood horror is action-ordinated meaning they rely primarily on blood and violence to scare audience in contrast to Japanese horror which relays firmly on folklore, urban legend, and myth (Langford: 2005: 175) and often offer more depth and thrills. There are many elements that make up the Japanese horror. First of all, Japanese horror films are inspired by folktales, legendsShow MoreRelatedWar Without Mercy, By John W. Dower1166 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica and Japan created propaganda posters, film, etc. to support their respective war efforts. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, American perceptions of the Japanese was epitomized by racial propaganda that scrutinized their new powerful enemy. Meanwhile Japan sought to keep out the impure Western culture from spreading East by defaming it. Despite these differences, both nations’ utilized similar approaches in the creation of their propaganda, dehumanizing the inferior enemy while glorify theirRead MoreIwo Jima And Okinawa Kiran Klubock832 Words   |  4 Pages Iwo Jima and Okinawa Kiran Klubock-Shukla The battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa were two of the most important American operations in the Pacific Theatre against the Empire of Japan during World War Two. The goal of the two operations was to secure strategically important islands close to Japan to use for bombing campaigns. The battles for Iwo Jima(February-March 1945) and Okinawa f(April-June 1945) killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians and helped to win the war for the UnitedRead More Snow Falling On Cedars Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesCedars, by David Guterson, many examples of wartime racism are evident. The novel is set on San Piedro Island off the coast of Washington in the year 1954. It is a place of â€Å"five thousand damp souls† (5). Kabuo Miyamoto, a member of the islands Japanese-American community, is on trial for the murder of Carl Heine, a fellow fisherman. Heines boat was found drifting one morning, with his body entangled in a net. While the death initially appeared accidental, bits of circumstantial evidence that seemedRead MoreEssay on The Hiroshima Bombing1389 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hiroshima Bombing Fifty four years ago, the detonation of the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima (and later on Nagasaki) ushered to the Nuclear Age. It was a moment full of horror, in which the eyes of the whole world were opened to the unimaginable possibility of nuclear holocaust. The experience on what happened to those cities and what is still happening to many of the survivors there, leads to explore what happened to America as a consequence of Hiroshima; bothRead MoreThe Globalization of Animated Features and the Merging of Cultures1030 Words   |  5 Pagesmarket in North America region made around $2 billion, though this so-called anime is not a hundred percent Japanese. It was influenced by the western styles of animated features while diffusing around the world through glocalization. Since then, it has not only changed in appearances, but anime appearance has been adopted to genres like western novels and movies such as action, comedy, drama, horror, romance, and scienc e fiction. So, how is anime influenced by the modern western world? Globalization isRead MoreAmeric A Second Class Citizenship1540 Words   |  7 Pagesis a program designed to hire around 3 million Americans every year from 1934 – 1943. Many of those who were hired worked for many different types of work force in an industrial business. They participated in jobs that involve designing public buildings, bridges, hundreds and thousands of miles of road construction, and hundreds of airports. Significance: What made this program so important for us to learn is that it marks the beginning of the American industrial age because they supported high employmentRead MoreThe Cove, By Mark Monroe And Directed By Louis Psihoyos1185 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen shown that dolphins are sentient creatures, the Japanese government utilizes dubious ethic methods for still participating in the destruction of dolphin populations. Japan is renowned around the world for being an extremely prosperous nation despite being the only populace to have been bombed by nuclear weapons. From that point on, the Japanese has reinvigorated a more modern culture. But for the outcry of respect for traditional Japanese culture, the coast-local fishermen claim that their justificationRead MoreSnow Falling on Cedars, The Greasy Pole and To Kill a Mockingbird Compared1164 Words   |  5 Pageseconomic incongruities within society. David Guterson’s courtroom drama, Snow Falling On Cedars (1994) utilises the symbolic setting of the court trial and the island of San Piedro as a microcosm to reflect the embedded racial discrimination within American society. The characterisation of Ishmael, as an embittered individual allows us to see the deleterious effects of cultural divides in society. Alma De Groen’s 1988 dystopic play ‘Rivers Of China’ examines Rahel’s individuality as an archetype forRead Mo reAn Essay About Discrimination And Religious Discrimination1440 Words   |  6 Pagesobstacles that humanity is yet to overcome. We may not be aware, but many crises that took place in the modern day, as well as the past, were caused by religion. 70 years ago during World War II, 6 million innocent European Jews lost their lives. Between the years of 2006 and 2010, an average of 11 Christians was killed somewhere in the world every hour, seven days a week and 365 days a year due to discrimination. Those are just two examples of just how cruel our human society can be when driven byRead MoreExploring the Reasons for United States Withdrawal from Vietnam1258 Words   |  6 Pagesdivided nation. I have attempted to set out below the reasons for the US withdrawal from Vietnam in 1973. Despite its huge technological superiority, America failed to overcome the Vietcong army. This was due to a combination of American weakness and Vietcong strengths. The US army found itself fighting an enemy it seldom saw. Dense jungle with swamps prevented the use of tanks and high-tech weaponry committing the army to foot patrols while the Vietcong enemy employed

Global Leadership and Global Teams †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Global Leadership and Global Teams. Answer: Introduction Multinational companies use the global team as a strategic solution to its growth around the globe. These groups are formed in different cultural and geographical boundaries. The goal is to improve organizational performance and enhance expertise and innovations irrespective of different geographic locations. It integrates diverse knowledge from different parts of the firm, achieving efficiency through around the clock work across different time zones and reducing the cost of travel, access to customers and local markets. Global teams help an organization in coordinating the work favoritism, it comes along with different challenges which need to teamwork. These challenges. Researchers have found a number of challenges over the last decade in managing global teams as well as. These challenges are mostly consisting of sharing knowledge, communication, different cultures, and different time zones. However, researchers and practitioners have identified various interpersonal mechanisms which can overcome or decrease the effect of these challenges in global teams (Hinds, Neeley Cramton 2014, 540). The literature review consists of different challenges that can exist in a global team. The study of these challenges has been supported by literature from researches and scholars. The literature review also suggests some interpersonal mechanisms that can help to overcome the challenges a global team may face. The objective of this is to understand and learn the challenges in the global team and how these challenges can researchers. Also, this project will help us enable to learn international human resource theories as well. One of the key objectives of this project is to learn how to make a business research proposal. This research involves the investigation of changes and challenges which have been observed in the landscape of global teams. The research seeks to study the challenges that the team faces and the changes they have embraced to counter the challenges. Apart from conducting a research through leaders of this teams, the study will also employ the use of available literature on the challenges faced by global teams. The research is therefore anticipated to mitigate issues which arise due to diversity in culture and use of virtual communication by members of global teams including the leaders. Global clockwork has many challenges as this literature has identified. According to Cramton and Hinds (2014, 1059), it is important to differentiate the distributed teams which come together to form one global team. Global teams are multi-national, multi-cultural and distributed. Nowadays, these teams heavily rely on technology which comes in the form of electronic communication and they include virtual conferences. According to Shipper, Manz and Stewart (2013), global teams face many challenges even though they have adopted the use of technology because mainly, the outcomes of these teams are based on factors which may arise due to differences in time zones, background, geography, cultures and even fluency in a language. The difference in culture is a major issue for remote teams because conflict tends to arise due to diversity in values attitudes and behaviors. Lack of formal meeting and face to face communication is also a major blow to the global teams because knowledge and new ideas cannot be shared effectively. According to Bell (2005), local knowledge is held in local contexts and often face problems when it comes to sharing to others. Management of time and attention is another issue regardless of the presence of social media, emails and instant messaging which can ensure that these teams work effectively. However, if these communication tools are used in excess, it may end up bringing about a lot of work which can cause excessive pressure with the work. These electronic platforms can also cause delays and distractions, well-being consequences and in the end, affect the way these themes share knowledge and remain focused on the task assigned (Hao, 2013, 5). Cultural differences in members of a global team bring about a lot of challenges. Herbert and Zander (2014) developed a study which identified taxonomies which are significant in multi-national teams and they include time orientation, collectivism and individualism and lastly low and high contexts. Cultural orientation to time according to Holmqvist and Ericson (2014) ultimately leads to the development of gaps and indecency to members of global teams. Cultural teams also have a tendency of stimulating the process of categorization at a social level, according to Kirkman and McGurrin (2016, 140), this leads to biasness when it comes to conflict and sharing of information because they tend to bring about either discrimination or being favored. According to Hinds (2015), diversity in culture can ultimately bring an about a conflict which will undermine the outcomes and processes of global teams. Many researchers have come up with recommendations to counter the issues which are being faced by members and leaders of global teams. One of the most notable recommendation is cultural intelligence, cultural agility, and global mindset. According to Maloney, Zellmer and Shah (2015, 246), cultural intelligence can guarantee that leaders of global teams can function properly across different cultures. There is an argument by Maznevski and Dhanaraj (2014) that the success of a global team is based on the presence of a global mindset in team members. The concept of a global mindset, cultural agility and intelligence are interlinked and team members often have to explore the relationship which exists between them as they work towards the objectives in the most effective way possible. Agility, when it comes to culture is very important because for team leaders it is the most critical skill. CEOs and managers have an obligation to apply these strategies to the teams task while also passing the knowledge to members of the team. Expanding the concepts mentioned above ultimately improves the skills of team members who seek to make adjustments to the diverse cultures which may bring about the teams positive attitude and success in the outcomes (Presbitero Toledano, 2017, 20). Currently, scholars and researchers are making examinations of global teams as groups of organized networks. TSM is one of such concepts and it is developed to see to it that knowledge sharing is a reality in virtual teams (Reiche, Mendenhall Stahl, 2016). TSM involves the sharing of knowledge structures and resources within a team and therefore it allows members of a team to acquire new knowledge and effectively share it with other members of the team. With TSM a global team can ensure that redundancy in the provision and access to new information is eliminated because TSM sees to it that expertise is utilized, understood and aligned to individual global distributed teams. Perceived proximity is also another recommendation to help members of the global team. This concept dictates that social identification and a given degree of communication influence proximity perception. The most important factor to take note of is the management of global teams are solely dependent on the fact that perceived proximity is bridged by having effective communication outcomes in the relationships of a team. Very many challenges face a global team especially those who work in different nations of the world. Therefore there is a need for a system to ensure that relationships and dealings are streamlined in teams which are spread over vast distances. This is where Psychological Safe Communication Climate comes in to manage and facilitate the interpersonal relationship and dealings within a given organization (Shipper, Manz Stewart. 2013, 180). This system has seen to it that members of a given team can share information because of the encryption which has increased the sec urity and therefore ends the differences which exist based on nationality by creating a single global village using the internet. With this system, innovation and other positive outcomes were achieved by global teams. Identification is the last factor accompanying global teams and it is basically ones feeling of belonging and sense of importance in a team. Identification is also applicable at an organizational level and its importance is seen where virtual problems are reduced while purpose and meaning are brought to employees who are working on their tasks (Steers Nardon, 2013). This research paper is guided by the question What are the challenges facing global teams and how are the leaders of these teams addressing the challenges which are brought about by diversity in culture and virtual communication? Research Design and Methodology This qualitative research study will interview a sample of 6 selected team leaders based on: The leaders will be from Australia or the United Kingdom. The author will be required to have previous knowledge of the team leader. The leaders will have different levels of experience in levels of experience in terms of experience in years and leadership positions. The leaders will have experience working in a cross-cultural team while using virtual communication. The sample will be asked a total of nine questions and the interview will be split into two sections where the first section will be based on their experiences of managing a cross-cultural team and the second section will be concerned with the leaders experience and understanding of virtual communication. The interview will be conducted in a semi-structured format which includes structured questions which will help in deducing information which is factual. Open-ended questions will also be used so as to provide encouragement to the sample population in terms of providing enough details when it comes to their behaviors, feelings, and beliefs. The list of questions used in the interview is found in this papers Appendix A. The questions will be sent to the sample prior to the interview so as to give them enough time to prepare. The interview will be conducted in a location which is mutually convenient to the author and each individual sample. Each interview will not go past one hour and on average each interview will last for 45 minutes and there is hope of doing all the interviews face-to-face while recording using an audio recorder. The second option is using video conferencing and lastly, email if the sample cannot make it take the interview physically. The interview will be anonymous and devoid of preference in gender and age. In terms of language, English will be the first choice and the samples cultural background will be considered because it is important to note how it affects their responses. The interviews results aim at identifying the issues faced by the sample as they manage global teams who are cross-cultural and use virtual communications. What the study also aims at achieving is the identification of the frequency of communication while also investigating the steps taken by the sample to stop or control the issues. Due to its flexibility, the interview is expected to yield different or additional information which the author had not planned for and therefore a rapport will be established and maintained throughout the interview by the author who will not bring his own reaction or perception for it may influence the responses of the sample. The research was limited to the analysis of how differences in culture and virtual communication bring about challenges to members of global teams including leaders. To ensure that this objective is achieved, primary and secondary data were utilized. Even though there are many other problems which affect the global teams and how the leaders handle the issues, this study only concentrated on how diversity in culture affect the outcomes of global teams and how the leaders of these teams use virtual communication to ensure that the team stays on the right path, share knowledge and complete tasks. This problem is examined from the leaders viewpoint and it is particularly concerned with the functions of a team leader and the relationship between members of the global team and the diversity of cultures as they use virtual communication. The exclusivity of team members was observed as a major limiting factor in this research. Time Schedule Total time available 4 months (until Date Year) Activity Period in time Date (From X until Y) I. Collecting and reading through previous literature 3 weeks 1 November 21 November II. Material development 1 week III. Learning how to use method 2 weeks IV. Developing questionnaire 1 week V. Finding samples 2 weeks VI. Administering tests 3 weeks VII. Data analysis 2 weeks VIII. Writing 1 week IX. Rewriting 1 week X. Proofreading 1 week XI. Submission 1 week Conclusion In the research, the most common strategy used by team leaders from the United Kingdom and Australia to address the issues of or which arise from diversity in culture and virtual communication is the application of the right business etiquettes and best business practices when it comes to team work. What is very important is that communicating with caution, adhering to good business practices, team playing and use of accessible language is the key to a successful global team. Being very dynamic, the culture will change and so will technology as it continues to improve but what will remain is the fact that the challenges facing global team will always be experienced by the members and leaders of every team given that they are geographically apart. Therefore it is to leaders themselves to find ways of handling the differences while working to find the perfect balance in the work practices at the global level. References Butler, C. and Chongarova, I., 2014. Leading global teams. Cramton, C.D. and Hinds, P.J., 2014. An embedded model of cultural adaptation in global teams. Organization Science, 25(4), pp.1056-1081. Derven, M., 2016. Four drivers to enhance global virtual teams. Industrial and Commercial Training, 48(1), pp.1-8. Hao, M., 2013. Effective Collaboration of Global Teams. Herbert, K., Mockaitis, A.I. and Zander, L., 2014. An opportunity for east and west to share leadership: A multicultural analysis of shared leadership preferences in global teams. Asian Business Management, 13(3), pp.257-282. Hinds, P. J., Neeley, T. B., Cramton, C. D. 2014. Language as a lightning rod: Power contests, emotion regulation, and subgroup dynamics in global teams. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(5), 536-561. Hinds, P., 2015. Teams and groups. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Holmqvist, J. and Ericson, A., 2014. HOW GLOBAL TEAMS SHARE EXPERIENCESA STUDY OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. In DS 77: Proceedings of the DESIGN 2014 13th International Design Conference. Kirkman, B.L., Shapiro, D.L., Lu, S. and McGurrin, D.P., 2016. Culture and teams. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, pp.137-142. Maloney, M.M., Zellmer-Bruhn, M. and Shah, P.P., 2015. Spillover coordination from global teams. In The Future of Global Organizing (pp. 245-279). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Maznevski, M. and Dhanaraj, C., 2014. Global leadership and global teams. IMD Discovery Event. Mockaitis, A.I., Zander, L. and De Cieri, H., 2016. Special issue of International Journal of Human Resource Management: The benefits of global teams for international organizations: HR implications: Extended submission deadline: 12 February 2016. Owen, J., 2016. Global Teams: How the best teams achieve high performance. Pearson UK. Presbitero, A. and Toledano, L.S., 2017. Global team members performance and the roles of cross-cultural training, cultural intelligence, and contact intensity: the case of global teams in IT offshoring sector. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1- 21. Reiche, B.S., Mendenhall, M.E. and Stahl, G.K. eds., 2016. Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Shipper, F., Manz, C.C. and Stewart, G.L., 2013. WL Gore associates: developing global teams to meet 21st century challenges. The management of strategy: concepts and cases, pp.178- 189. Steers, R.M., Snchez-Runde, C. and Nardon, L., 2013. Management Across Cultures: Challenges for Global Managers: 1. The new global realities; 2. The new global managers; Part II. Developing Global Understanding: 3. The cultural environment; 4. The organizational environment; 5. The situational environment; Part III. Developing Global Management Skills: 6. Communicating across cultures; 7. Negotiating global agreements; 8. Leading global organizations; 9. Managing a global workforce; 10. Working with global teams; 11. Living and working globally; 12 .... Cambridge University Press.

Case study of the Web Index

Questions: Discuss about the Case Study of the Web Index. Answers: Overview: The renowned organization called World Wide Web Foundation produced and designed the Web Index. The purpose of the Web Index is to measure contribution of World Wide Web to economical, social and political development within nations across the world[1]. In order to make the people understand how the nations maximize the impact of the web, Web Index compiles data across several different Web healths dimensions and makes it available free. The annual country-ranking format continuously improves the understanding of the people regarding the Webs value for humanity[2]. The study includes the description of the Web Index in accordance with Singapore. Singapore ranked 22nd in the Web Index ranking and has the value of 75.16. Every key areas of the Web Index are described in detail in the study. The provided recommendation implies that there are five things that Singapore must carry out in order to achieve better ranking. Presentation and Analysis of Data (Singapore): Universal Access: Universal access is a sub-index and it measures that countries have devoted in reasonable access to high quality internet infrastructure[3]. In addition to that, it also suggests that countries are investing in skills and education that its people require to make use of the Web well. Figure 1: Universal Access Graph (Source: [4]) Figure 2: Universal Access in Measurement (Source: [5]) Singapore is in ninth position in the list of Universal Access as per the data of Web Index. The score of the country is 91.69 [6]. This score clearly says that the Singapore has clearly provided extreme interest in its Web Usage. There are various regains within which Singapore need to improve. As per the definition of the Universal access, Singapore devoted in reasonable access to high quality internet infrastructure. The facts and figures support this statement. In order to make most use of the Web Infrastructure of a country, the people must be able to improve the skills. In addition to that, having the proper knowledge is also crucial. The country can categorize the web users into three categories such as academics, professional and entertainment usage. The most of the use is done for the entertainment purpose. It can be assumed that almost all the countries within top fifty make same amount of use of the web for the entertainment purpose. This suggests that the use of the web f or the academic and professional purpose places it at 9th position in the list. 2. Freedom and Openness: These sub-index, freedom and openness, refers to the extent to which the people of a country enjoys privacy online, rights to information, expression and opinion[7]. On other orders, it can be stated this sub-index is the measure of the interaction of the citizens with the Web. Figure 3: Freedom and Openness Graph of Singapore (Source: [8]) Figure 4: Freedom and Openness Measure of Singapore (Source: [9]) The score of Singapore in this sub-index is very low relative to the other sub-indexes. The country is in the 41st position in the world ranking in this category [10]. The citizens of Singapore are not that much interested in interacting with the Web. It is may be because of their conserved nature but it is none of the concern of the study. Singapore, needs to make its citizens more educated and skilled so that they can also share their thoughts, believes and opinions. As the people of Singapore will learn to accept the views of the others, they can argue on different things. Social media sites like, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and many more provide the great opportunity to all the people of the world share their knowledge and views. Singapore, has to make its citizen more enthusiastic regarding interact with the Web. 3.Relevant Content: The relevant content is the sub-index that uses both the factors, content present within each country and the Web utilization by the people. These two factors must be residing within a prominence on the amount to which several stakeholders can be able to access information. In addition to that, the data must be relevant to the purpose of use of the people[11]. The content must be in the form of that language within which the people of the specific country is most comfortable. These contents can be accessed through the channels and platforms that available broadly. Figure 5: Relevant Content Graph Representation of Singapore (Source: [12]) Figure 6: Relevant Content measurement of Singapore (Source: [13]) The score of Singapore within this category of sub-index is 76.48. The country is in the 21st position, followed by Estonia (75.72) [14]. These score is slightly more than average. Still Singapore has managed to produce content that most of its people can make use of. It will foolish to consider all the people within the region of the Web using category. It has be assumed that a certain amount of people actually make use of the Web. The people who make use of Web for entertainment and professional works are tend to use content that are written in English, not all but for majority. The reason this Country is lacking behind other countries is its mother tongue. There are very smaller chance of growing within this rank. As per the definition of the Relevant Content provided in the above section, the countrys content must be within the particular region so that the citizen can access the contents easily. In addition to that, the content, the citizen will be making use of and considered w hile measuring score, must be relevant for the targeted audience or people of Singapore. 4. Empowerment: This sub-index reflects the most powerful and complex activity of the Web that is empowerment reflects the difference that the Web is bringing with the lifestyle and thought process of people of a country. This sub-index is also used for reflecting the impact of the Web on the society, politics, economy and environment[15]. Empowerment relates to these key four areas of any Country in a strange way. Figure 7: Empowerment Graph Representation of Singapore (Source: [16]) Figure 8: Empowerment Measurement of Singapore (Source: [17]) Singapore has raked 19th and 15th in the empowerment respectively in the political area and economical area. The rank of Singapore in the overall empowerment is 18th [18]. The score of this country in empowerment is 75.17. It says that the impact of Web on the social, economic, environment and political regions. The most of the impact of the Web on this country can be viewed in the economical areas as it makes use of the Web for communicating with the whole world. The Web can be a very good tool for making some move in the political region. One citizen can connect to different citizen who is hundreds of miles away and share their view on some political agenda. This way a thought or view of one person can grow from one region to completely region in a very rapid pace. Evaluation and Recommendations Evaluation: In terms of evaluating the four sub-indexes of the Web Index regarding Singapore, it is important to analyze all the sub-indexes. The biggest lack in the freedom and openness is the restricted mind of its citizen. The government is required to provide sufficient amount of knowledge to the citizen so that they can empower their view upon the citizen of other countries. This will allow Singapore to score more on the freedom and empowerment sub-index. There is not much limitations regarding universal access and the score reflects it. Gaining the ninth position in the world list is a significant matter. There are various areas that can be utilized the government for making more score in the empowerment area. The empowerment consists of four key areas and impact of Web on these regions is different. Recommendations: Universal Access: The universal Access of Singapore is 91.69 and has the world fastest internet average speed. The country has invested a lot in the internet infrastructure for providing internet service to its citizens. Nowadays internet is considered as a most essential service for public and facilitates for management of the utility services in the country. The citizens should have a reliable internet access and it is essential for the access of knowledge, finance and agriculture. Increasing the universal accessibility decreases the gap of governance and provides public access to the internet. It is recommended that a good technology is required to be selected and the integration issues are required to be identified for the improvement of the universal access. Relevant Content: The relevant content of Singapore is 76.48, i.e. the stakeholders and the citizens can search the web in the language they prefer and find the most relevant content. The posting of the unnecessary web content and increase in the awareness can be used for the improvement of the relevant content. The online resources must not contain any junk files that the user does not find useful and maintain a good relationship with the citizens for understanding their requirement and providing them the most relevant content they needs. The establishment of a good trust is also important for engaging the user to use trusted sources of information. Freedom and Openness: In freedom and openness Singapore have the value of 42.24 and there are lots of possibilities of improvement. The freedom and openness can be improved with maintaining transparency with the government rules and regulations. The management of the economic methodology and aligning the regulatory efficiency with the economic freedom criteria is also important for the increase in the freedom and openness of the internet access of the citizens and the stakeholders of the country. Controlling the financial sector and public investment programs can also eliminate the inefficiency of the current system. Empowerment: The current empowerment value of Singapore is 75.17 and it is used for the measurement of the self determination in the citizens using the internet. The internet is making a huge difference for making a positive change in the society, politics, environment and economy. It is recommended that the all the information regarding the social life, economy and others mentioned in the key areas for bringing a positive change in the country must be available in the internet. The users should have access to all the resources that can bring a change in their life and the government authorities must monitor the web content and take an initiative to increase the digital literacy of the country. Summary: From the above study, it can be concluded that Singapore is a strong country according to Web Index. According to the results of the organization, various countries are making the use of the Web significantly more than other countries. The Web can be seen as a great source of medium that can generate power and economy. The use of the interact can allow the citizen of Singapore to communicate freely with the citizen of the other countries. Keeping in mind the end goal to comprehend the connection amongst correspondence and worldwide understudy streams in the data society, it is basic to research the impacts of the Internet. The Web Index is the main multidimensional measure relating the World Wide Web to worldwide improvement and human rights. The pointers of Web Index incorporate zones of widespread get to, flexibility and openness, pertinent substance and strengthening. The people who make use of the internet for entertainment purposes do the most use of the Web in the Singapore. Th is scenario can be seen in other countries too. Instead of this fact, it can be strongly stated that the most of the interactions with the Web is done for knowledge gathering and sharing purpose. References: "About | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/about/. "Data | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGPhttps://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGP. "Web Index: Empowerment: Political | Open Data". 2017.Socrata. https://idp.nz/Global-Rankings/Web-Index-Empowerment-Political/bcgb-g3xx. "Web Index: Freedom Openness | Open Data". 2017.Socrata. https://idp.nz/Global-Rankings/Web-Index-Freedom-Openness/43nm-is4c. "Web Index: Relevant Content | Open Data". 2017.Socrata. https://idp.nz/Global-Rankings/Web-Index-Relevant-Content/v3pg-t68t. "Web Index: Universal Access: Access Affordability | Open Data". 2017.Socrata. https://idp.nz/Global-Rankings/Web-Index-Universal-Access-Access-Affordability/ndvd-qsv6. Gaftea, Viorel. "Socio-economic Major Risks Related to the Information Technology."Procedia Economics and Finance8 (2014): 336-345. Gayo, Jose Emilio Labra, and Jose M. Alvarez Rodr?guez. "Validating statistical index data represented in RDF using SPARQL queries." InRDF Validation Workshop. Practical Assurances for Quality RDF Data, Cambridge, Ma, Boston. 2013. Jiang, Ke. "International student flows between Asia, Australia, and Russia: a network analysis."Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia13, no. 1 (2014): 83-98. Ojino, Ronald, Luisa Mich, Patrick Ogao, and Simon Karume. "The Quality of Kenyan University Websites: A Study for the Re-engineering of the Masinde Muliro University Website."Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society9, no. 3 (2013). "Data | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGPhttps://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGP. Jiang, Ke. "International student flows between Asia, Australia, and Russia: a network analysis."Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia13, no. 1 (2014): 83-98. "About | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/about/. "Data | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGPhttps://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGP. "Data | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGPhttps://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGP. "Web Index: Universal Access: Access Affordability | Open Data". 2017.Socrata. https://idp.nz/Global-Rankings/Web-Index-Universal-Access-Access-Affordability/ndvd-qsv6. "About | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/about/. "Data | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGPhttps://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGP. "Data | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGPhttps://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGP. "Web Index: Freedom Openness | Open Data". 2017. Socrata. https://idp.nz/Global-Rankings/Web-Index-Freedom-Openness/43nm-is4c. "About | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/about/. "Data | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGPhttps://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGP. "Data | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGPhttps://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGP. "Web Index: Relevant Content | Open Data". 2017.Socrata. https://idp.nz/Global-Rankings/Web-Index-Relevant-Content/v3pg-t68t. "About | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/about/. "Data | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGPhttps://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGP. "Data | The Web Index". 2017.Thewebindex.Org. https://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGPhttps://thewebindex.org/data/?indicator=INDEXcountry=SGP. "Web Index: Empowerment: Political | Open Data". 2017.Socrata. https://idp.nz/Global-Rankings/Web-Index-Empowerment-Political/bcgb-g3xx.

Maya Angelou free essay sample

This poem is written with Maya Angelou herself as the speaker. She is speaking to her audience of oppressors about how she has overcome racism, criticism, sexism, and personal obstacles in her life with pride and grace. This poem is historically rooted with the mentions of slavery, a â€Å"past of pain,† and â€Å"gifts of ancestors,† however she is speaking in the present having overcome all of the hardships of her past and embarking on the rest of her journey with the knowledge that she is a strong African American woman. Still I Rise is about overcoming oppression with grace and pride, having no sympathy for the oppressors and giving to validity to the reasons for oppression. There is rhyme every other line for most of the poem that immediately guides the reader through the poem. The phrases â€Å"I rise† and â€Å"Still I rise† are used repetetively throughout the poem to show that the speaker continues to overcome each situation of oppression and each oppressor. We will write a custom essay sample on Maya Angelou or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Imagery is dominant in this poem, especially after Angelou questions her oppressors. She gives the us images like â€Å"I walk like I’ve got oil wells /Pumping in my living room† and â€Å"Shoulders falling down like teardrops† and † I dance like I’ve got diamonds/ At the meeting of my thighs. † There is also the repeating image of air and dust rising. Much of her imagery is conveyed through similes and metaphors. This usuage of figurative languages gives us a very clear picture of what Angelou means and usually conveys a strong emotion. For example, when Angelou says â€Å"Shoulders falling down like teardrops,† we get an image of drooping shoulders (like the shape of a tear) and the tear itself is immediately associated with sadness. The two of these combined makes the images even stronger. The poem is more a narrative than anything else because Angelou interacts with her audience as she talks about the highs and lows of her life and history. The main symbol throughout the poem is that of rising dust. For dust to rise, it must be unsettled from the ground in some way and then forms a dust cloud. But once the dust has been unsettled from the ground, it can leave and RISE. This can be applied to Angelou’s overcome of the obstacles and her oppressors on the â€Å"ground† and rising above them all, unsettling and challenging the oppression. This poem has a very certain seriousness to it, but Angelou brings in her pride as an African American woman and injects playful images into the poem when questioning her oppressors. The stanzas that have questions show the direct relationship between the speaker and the audience, Angelou and her oppressors, and allows the reader to put themselves in the heat of the discussion and in the heart of the poem. The tone is one of sureness, pride, and grace. This online analysis says that the â€Å"you† that the poem is speaking to is the white race and that the â€Å"I† is the black race. This analysis says that the poem is a discussion between black and white, where the black, with Maya Angelou speaking, is taking pride in her heritage and what she has come from and intimidating the white race. This analysis says that â€Å"Maya is pretentiously assuring the audience that she will ‘rise† to any occasion and her color won’t hold her back. † After reading this analysis, I agree with the â€Å"you† being the white race. I thought before that the â€Å"you† had been specific to her own life, but this interpretation makes sense with the multiple references to slavery.

Free Essays on Great Expectations

Influence on Great Expectations Many characters influence Pip’s life in Great Expectations. He learns many important lessons while interacting with each of these characters. The role of Pip in Great Expectations is developed through the positive and negative influences of Joe, Magwitch and Miss Havisham. Joe is one of the influences that affect’s Pip from a very early stage. Joe gives him a sense of honesty, friendliness, generosity, diligence and dignity. Joe is continually faithful to Pip throughout the entire novel. Joe is constantly being abused by Mrs. Joe without defending himself. Mrs. Joe uses the â€Å"tickler† and tar-water to punish Joe and Pip (chapter 2). This shows how Joe has a weak side to his character; Pip sees through this and doesn’t admire the trait. When Pip was close to death Joe arrives to aid him (chapter 57). He takes care of Pip and leaves without being thanked. This reinforces all the values he had as a child sensed in Joe but could not fully understand. Later on as the story draws to an end, Pip learns to do honest labor. He looks back and realizes that he too, like Joe, is a working man. Through Magwitch Pip learns to become a gentleman, Magwitch’s gratitude and his own redemption during the third stage of Great Expectations. Magwitch also instilled fear in a young Pip. At the first encounter of Magwitch and Pip the convict tells Pip that he will not eat his heart and liver, but that another convict will do so (chapter 1). Pip is even forced to steal and lie for the convict. Pip goes through most of the novel believing Miss. Havisham is his benefactress and when he discovers that it is Magwitch his perspectives about his expectations completely change. Pip is revolted by the man he once felt sorrow and sympathy for. The time he spends with Magwitch from when he arrives to the sad moment of his death, Pip learns again many things he had forgotte... Free Essays on Great Expectations Free Essays on Great Expectations Influence on Great Expectations Many characters influence Pip’s life in Great Expectations. He learns many important lessons while interacting with each of these characters. The role of Pip in Great Expectations is developed through the positive and negative influences of Joe, Magwitch and Miss Havisham. Joe is one of the influences that affect’s Pip from a very early stage. Joe gives him a sense of honesty, friendliness, generosity, diligence and dignity. Joe is continually faithful to Pip throughout the entire novel. Joe is constantly being abused by Mrs. Joe without defending himself. Mrs. Joe uses the â€Å"tickler† and tar-water to punish Joe and Pip (chapter 2). This shows how Joe has a weak side to his character; Pip sees through this and doesn’t admire the trait. When Pip was close to death Joe arrives to aid him (chapter 57). He takes care of Pip and leaves without being thanked. This reinforces all the values he had as a child sensed in Joe but could not fully understand. Later on as the story draws to an end, Pip learns to do honest labor. He looks back and realizes that he too, like Joe, is a working man. Through Magwitch Pip learns to become a gentleman, Magwitch’s gratitude and his own redemption during the third stage of Great Expectations. Magwitch also instilled fear in a young Pip. At the first encounter of Magwitch and Pip the convict tells Pip that he will not eat his heart and liver, but that another convict will do so (chapter 1). Pip is even forced to steal and lie for the convict. Pip goes through most of the novel believing Miss. Havisham is his benefactress and when he discovers that it is Magwitch his perspectives about his expectations completely change. Pip is revolted by the man he once felt sorrow and sympathy for. The time he spends with Magwitch from when he arrives to the sad moment of his death, Pip learns again many things he had forgotte...

I will upload files that include the topic Essay

I will upload files that include the topic - Essay Example The people in the story are exiled from the memories of China and find difficulty in establishing their own identity in an estranged country. Both the stories talk about the people who come to America to construct their life leaving their home, family, attachments and jobs. However the story â€Å" Brave We Are† is more of accepting various culture than the Chinese immigrants of â€Å" The Good Fall†. The two stories talks about hybridity and cultural differences faced by American immigrants . (Thesis) People get mixed and children born out of such hybridity bring multiculturalism which can be a brave action but still a matter of concern. According to ( Naqvi 932)â€Å" Brave we are, we who answer questions that spill forth artlessly from the mouth of nine year old purist questions that can neither be waved not dismissed with ambiguity† The characters in both the novel were not able to switch culture easily as they think . According to(Jin 229) â€Å" Mark Zong has ordered him to leave, but the monk went to a park and hanged himself instead†. By birth, their identity had been shaped by their culture and religion. Being a Muslim from Pakistan, it was not easy for Naqvi to change her cultural identity. As per (Varnum 9-13) â€Å"Cultural psychologists have consistently found different patterns of thinking and perception in different societies, with some cultures demonstrating a more analytic pattern and others a more holistic pattern†. She was locked in to a solitary culture and could not embrace the American culture completely. The American culture is new to Naqvi and being a foreigner accepting the modern life of America is a strange concept for her as well as the Chinese immigrants in â€Å" A Good Fall†. In the novel â€Å" Brave We are†Naqvi a mother faces threats when her son ask her about the meaning of hybridity. She tries to answer the question without her son going deep into the subject. She finds it absurd about the

Interrogating the Museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interrogating the Museum - Essay Example It is â€Å"is fashioned after the many cabinets of curiosities housed among princely palaces that originated throughout Europe during the 1500s. Ours follows this tradition with a stimulating mixture of books, games, costumes, and other hands-on activities for the entire family (Denver Art Museum). Perhaps the extra effort that was undertaken by the curator of the museum was consistent with its mission not just to house art works but rather to â€Å"enrich the lives of present and future generations through the acquisition, presentation, and preservation of works of art† which explains why the â€Å"unusual† presentation of the art works. The Bernadette Berger Discovery Library contains a mixture of artworks, artifacts, books and other printed artistic materials that it would be difficult to classify the discovery library as a mere museum or study area because it is a combination of both and even more because it encourages the visitors toward a self-discovery of the a rea. In addition, the discovery library in Denver Art Museum is also constantly rearranged to invite its visitors for a return. The moment visitors enter the library, they would notice unusually sized furniture where books, artifacts and artworks are nicely tucked on the walls and cabinets which includes an 18th century doll house, an Egyptian mummy case and several Greek vases. What is unusual with the framing of the artworks there is that some are contained in drawers that the visitors can roll out to see them which includes Egyptian jewelry. What is interesting in the discovery library were the artworks that early Native Americans would have which includes ceramics, basketries and even photos and paintings of the old American West. They are also constantly being rearranged but in general, the place could simulate a comfortable home with oversize furniture and air conditioned. It is also one of the very few museums where there are computers that we could use. Equally interesting, and perhaps the visionary approach of its curator is that there were no staff present when I visited the place and we were just left alone. It was not to neglect us visitors but it was more of encouraging us to explore what is in the library and to encourage that, staff presence were removed. And it was effective because I became engaged with the discovery center. The Bernadette Berger Discovery Library was opened between 1997 and 1999 which was deliberately created as a â€Å"themed† library and used the term â€Å"discovery library† for it to send a message to its visitors that they are welcome not to mention to become more comfortable with the place that would induce them to stay longer. The set up of presenting the books and artworks in the Discovery Library was intended to break the pattern where visitors see a museum with a permanent set up or presentation where they would only visit once not to mention that the visit would be a bore because they remain standing that they could only spend for minimum amount of time (Williams 160). Personally, this is the most interesting part of the museum because it is inviting, relaxing and engaging unlike in other places in other museum where there are no activities that all I have to do is stare at the artwork or listen to the explanation of the curator where I have been standing all along. With this kind of set up, the guests visit

Management Report and Proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Management Report and Proposal - Dissertation Example While discussing on the lines of fast diffusion of the internet connectivity in various corners of the world, it can be said that the emergence of the internet has been tremendously accelerated on the basis of fast acceptance and penetration of various kinds of technological gadgets like the I-pads, I phones by the masses around the world. With the rapid acceptance of the internet connectivity in both the developing as well as the developed countries, the entire world has become globally connected through the virtual and digital platform. It is of considerable importance to mention that because of this global interconnectivity there has been a tremendous shift in the power balance in the market. The internet connectivity has brought forward the power of knowledge to the consumers around the world. The easy access of knowledge by the consumers of both the developed as well as the developing regions is increasingly paving the way for trends related to digitization. Because of the trend s of digitization, there has been a tremendous amount of cross border demand for various products and services that are increasingly emerging from multiple small and big points around the world. It needs to be mentioned that these new kinds of demands are increasingly creating a shift of power balance in the market dynamics all around the world. Previously what used to be a market that is dominated by the power the sellers has paved the roads for the market that is being dominated by the buyers and consumers. Because of this new modification and shift on the lines of consumer demand, many new as well as existing companies are sensing tremendous amount of business opportunity for various kinds of new as well as innovative business products and solutions. In order to tap the business opportunities that are brewing in the markets of the developing as well as the developed region, the companies that are located in various geographies around the world are seriously considering on the opt ions related to entering into newer markets. It is utterly relevant to mention that the internet is playing a tremendously catalytic role in regards to providing the information that is highly necessary for the purpose of entering these new markets. Since, more and more companies of multinational as well as international and transnational nature are slowly starting to enter into the market of a particular region of a new country or location, the level of competition in the market of that particular region is starting to rise. This is in return creating a pressure on the already existing companies to stay tremendously competitive in the marketplace. In an attempt to stay competitive in the market place, the companies in many markets around the world are increasingly trying to sport a lean structure, while cutting organizational costs. Because of the trimming down of organization related operating expenses, there has been a direct impact in regards to the amount of manpower that will be maintained by the company as an asset. Thus, it is creating the trends of

Public Expenditure on Education in India

Public Expenditure on Education in India Abstract Prioritizing amongst the competing ends for the government treasury is a big challenge for a developing country like India. Poverty eradication, health and other crucial social needs compete with education and create fiscal pressures. But an investment in education is considered inevitable. This research paper compares public expenditure on education in India in 2005-06 and 2010-11. As observed, government spent more on revenue account than capital account. Share of the State and Union territories in public expenditure on education was more than that of the Centre. States/UTs spending were highest for Non-plan expenditure across all categories of public expenditure on education. Spending was almost double in 2010-11 as compared to 2005-06 in absolute terms but the relative shares between categories hardly changed. Share of expenditure on education was highest for elementary education followed by secondary education, university education higher education, technical education and then adult education. Key words Public expenditure, education, plan, non-plan, revenue, capital, India INTRODUCTION There are primarily three sources of financing the education in India i.e. financing through central government, state government and non-government sector (including parents, non-government organizations, banks, philanthropic contributions and as a part of corporate social responsibility activities amongst others). Government is expected to shoulder greater responsibility in providing for education due to the social returns associated with education. The central and state financing is further bifurcated in Revenue account and capital account and Plan and Non-plan expenditure. Expenditures on capital account are long-term in nature. They are used for acquiring fixed assets such as land, building, machinery and equipment. Other items that also fall under this category include loans and advances sanctioned by the Centre to the State governments, union territories and public sector undertakings. However, expenditures incurred for the routine functioning of the government departments and various other services, largely not associated with acquisition of assets such as subsidies, salaries, interest, etc. incurred by the government are referred to as revenue expenditure. Plan expenditure refers to the expenditure devoted towards the funding of the plans by the government. On the other hand, non-plan expenditure refers to the expenditures other than those devoted for the plans of government. Plan and non-plan expenditure are incurred on capital and revenue accounts. The objective of this paper is to analyze in detail the contributions made by the Centre and the State governments towards expenditure on education in 2005-06 and 2010-11 and observe the changes thereby. The selected years were chosen due to the availability of comparable data. Data for actual expenditure, revised estimates of budgeted expenditure and budgeted estimates were available, but for the purpose of analysis the data related to actual expenditure incurred was only considered. Henceforth State would refer to State and Union territories combine, CAPITAL AND REVENUE EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION In absolute terms the budgeted expenditure on education and other departments by Central and State governments in 2005-06 accounted for INR 1,14,389 crores out of which the expenditure on revenue account was about INR 1,13,229 crores (98.99%), on capital account was about INR 1,143 crores (1%) and on loans and advances was about INR 17 crores (0.01%). Similarly for 2010-11 the total expenditure accounted for INR 2,97,311 crores out of which the expenditure on revenue account was about INR 2,93,478 crores (98.71%), on capital account was about INR 3,776 crores (1.27%) and on loans and advances was about INR 57 crores (0.02%). While the absolute budgeted expenditure on education almost increased 2.5 times over the period of five years, the relative share of revenue account, capital account and loans and advances almost remained same. There was just a shift of 0.27% from revenue to capital account. It was further observed that the entire contribution on capital account came from the Sta tes with no share at all from the Centre. As can be observed the share of revenue account left almost negligible share for capital account and loans and advances from the total expenditure. Since capital expenditures are incurred on procurement of fixed assets, the data indicated that lesser expenditure was incurred in acquiring land, building, machinery and equipment. Growth in education would be difficult if it was not duly supported by a growth in acquisition of assets. It can also be observed that the contribution for expenditure on salaries, subsidies and interest payments through revenue account was high. PLAN AND NON-PLAN EXPENDITURE While plan and non-plan expenditure were also incurred on capital account, the amount being comparatively meager, plan and non-plan expenditure on revenue account only had been analyzed. The total budgeted Plan and Non-plan expenditure by education and other departments on revenue account were INR 1,13,229 in 2005-06 and INR 2,93,478 in 2010-11 as suggested in the previous section. In 2005-06 Plan expenditure accounted for 27.9% and Non-plan expenditure accounted for 72.1% of the total budgeted expenditure on revenue account. Similarly in 2010-11 Plan expenditure accounted for 33.2% and Non-plan expenditure accounted for 66.8% of the total budgeted expenditure on revenue account. Therefore over a period of five years about 5% of the share of Non-plan expenditure was shifted to Plan expenditure. For 2005-06 and 2010-11 the Plan expenditure for Center was more and Non-plan expenditure of State was more. Across the total budgeted Plan and Non-plan revenue expenditure the highest share was of Non-plan expenditure by States. The Non-plan expenditure by States accounted for 67% of the total revenue expenditure in 2005-06 and 59% in 2010-11 respectively as can be seen in figure 1. Figure 1: Budgeted Plan and Non Plan Expenditure on Revenue account for Center and State for 2005-06 and 2010-11 Source: MHRD (2008, 2014) Hence it can be concluded that the budgeted expenditure on education was incurred most on the revenue account and of the revenue account the contribution of the non-plan expenditure by the State was highest. EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP Expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP is a globally accepted criterion which is widely used for international comparisons of financing of education. Figure 2 depicts public expenditure on various sectors of education namely elementary, secondary, university higher, technical education as a percentage of GDP. Expenditure of Adult education was nominal and so has not been included. Public expenditure included the expenditure incurred by education department and other departments and ministries respectively for various sectors. India being a developing nation highest public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP was incurred on elementary education in 2005-06 (1.61) and in 2010-11 (1.7). It was followed by expenditure on secondary education, university and higher education and technical education for 2005-06 as well as 2009-10. In comparison with 2005-06 public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP was incurred more in 2010-11 across all levels of education. Expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP by states was highest for elementary education followed by secondary education, university higher education and technical education for 2005-06 and 2010-11. But the expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP by Centre was highest for elementary education, and was followed by university and higher education, technical education instead of secondary education, that got the least share. Compared to 2005-06 in 2010-11 the commitment by the Centre increased for university higher education and technical education with little left for secondary education. The contribution by the Centre almost doubled for university and higher education and more than doubled for technical education. For secondary education there was a fall in the public expenditure on education from 0.7% to 0.1% of the GDP from 20 05-06 to 2010-11. It can be further observed that the contribution of state for all levels of education was more than that for Centre for both the years 2005-06 to 2010-11 as can be observed in figure 3. While not much change could be observed in the share of State and Centre as a percentage of GDP in 2005-06 and 2010-11 for elementary and secondary education, a dramatic rise in the share of the Centre as compared to State could be observed for university higher education and technical education for the same period. Figure 3: Sector-wise share of State and Centre in Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP for 2005-06 and 2010-11 Source: MHRD (2008, 2014) The share of State (76.4%) and Centre (23.6%) for elementary education in 2005-06 almost remained stagnant as observed for State (74.7%) and Centre’s share (25.3%) in the GDP in 2009-10. Similarly the share of State (92.2%) and Centre (7.8%) for secondary education in 2005-06 was almost the same for State (89.9%) and Centre (10.1%) in 2009-10. Share of Centre for university and higher education in public expenditure as a percentage of GDP increased from 23.9% to 38.4% and that of the States decreased from 76.1% to 61.6%. Likewise the share of Centre for technical education increased from 33.3% to 50% and that of the States decreased from 66.7% to 50% from 2005-06 to 2010-11. Therefore the shift from the Centre to State in the share of university and higher education was to the tune of about 15% and for technical education it was about 17%. CONCLUSION The present scenario calls for serious action in support of financing the higher education access in India. A bigger financial commitment surpassing the inflationary conditions both by the central and the state government is warranted. A larger share as a percentage of GDP should be allocated for the expenditure on education to enhance the access to education. Higher funds would be required to address the expenditures on revenue account, like that for filling the vacant faculty positions. On the other side, the expenditure on capital account like raising the qualitative learning infrastructure would be obligatory to achieve a higher rate of enrolments. Access to equitable and qualitative higher education is the need of the hour for a country like India aspiring to excel in the economic growth and development. The commitment from government and private sector towards the investments in developing human capital will determine if the demographic advantage will be a dividend or a liability. Governments today increasingly face the limitation to raise means owing to the fiscal pressures, increased demand for access to education, rising costs, expectations for improvement in infrastructure, increasing the resources, enhancing, quality and competing prioritized demands on the government treasury. For a developing country like India, it is difficult to assume that government alone would be able to achieve the mammoth task of assuring access to education for the masses. Higher efficiencies can be achieved by the allocation of the funds on the criterion of ‘performance based funding’. Increased accountability should be accompanie d by increased autonomy to raise funds at the institutional level, with wisdom to assure the opportunity of access to quality education for anyone willing to pursue the same. The government through necessary regulatory changes should incentivize philanthropic and alumni contributions by allowing tax rebates on incurring such expenditures by individuals. Income generated through consultancies, research and development and providing training workshops in the area of expertise should be appreciated and encouraged. Considering the present and future demand for higher education in India, it cannot be denied that financing remains a serious challenge. To achieve this mammoth task, all possible sources of funding will have to be explored to assure a qualitative and equitable access to higher education.

Free College Admissions Essays: An opinion I have had to defend :: College Admissions Essays

Tell us about an opinion you have had to defend Tell us about an opinion you have had to defend. How has this affected your belief system? I chuckle to myself every time I think about this. I am perceived as a mild-mannered, intelligent individual until I mention that I am involved in riflery. It is interesting to watch someone's expression change. It is as if I instantaneously grew a pair of horns and a sharp set of claws. Believe me this gets worse; I am a member of the NRA. I try to tell these folks that I belong to the NRA to fire my rifle. "Oh my God! You fire real guns? with real bullets?!?" they remark with a perplexed look on their face. Besides having horns and claws, I now possess a tail and leathery wings. This is how it began five years ago. I had played on a soccer team for several years. As I grew older I began having difficulty playing soccer because of shortness of breath. I was diagnosed as having mild asthma which ended my soccer career and eliminated my participation in most physical sports. Shortly afterward, during a Boy Scout summer camp, I participated in riflery at their shooting range. This was the first time I had ever touched a firearm. To my amazement, I won the camp's first place award for marksmanship. I was more than eager when a friend of mine asked me if I would like to join a shooting club. My parents were wary when I asked to join the rifle club. My mother feared guns, but my father felt there was no problem with trying this sport. Gratefully, he gave me the opportunity to try rifle marksmanship, despite secretly hoping that I would quit. Both of my parents were afraid of what people would think about their son's involvement with guns. Like my parents a majority of people believe that all firearms are dangerous to our society. All they remember are the hysterical news releases of street violence and injured children. I am often asked how many deer I've shot. Frankly, I could never bring myself to injure another living creature and neither would most of the competitors I have met. Yet, I keep finding myself defending the sport from all of the misconceptions that surround it.

Abiotic Factors Affecting Organisms – revision notes

Light Light intensity can be measured both physically measured for example with a LICOR light meter or a QSL (quantum scalar irradiance) meter. Luminous intensity can be measured subjectively measured with eg. a foot-candle meter, a type of photographic exposure meter. Intensity-watts rn-2 or einsteins m-2sec-1 Luminosity Units include candles, lumens, footcandles and lux. Temperature Temperature is measured using a thermometer. It's also a measure of how fast the atoms and molecules of a substance are moving. The units of measure are degrees on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. Humidity Hygrometers may be designed for indoor or outdoor use (or both). Analog hygrometers use a moisture-sensitive material that is attached to a coil spring. The spring controls a needle on an easy-to-read circular dial. Analog hygrometers are often part of a durable, weather-resistant device that also includes a thermometer. Digital hygrometers determine the relative humidity by using a sensor to monitor an electric current that is affected by moisture levels. Relative humidity, expressed as a percent. Salinity Salinity is often measured by measuring how well electricity travels through the water. This property of water is called conductivity. Water that has dissolved salt in it will conduct electricity better than water with no dissolved salt.Handheld Refractometer /Hydrometer /Conductivity Meter expressed in parts per million(ppm) O2 concentration Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method for monitoring a person's O2 saturation. Or Gas sensor used. pO2 CO2 concentration Use a sensor connected to a PC via an arduino board. pCO2 Wind Wind speed is now commonly measured with an anemometer but can also be classified using the older Beaufort scale which is based on people's observation of specifically definedwind effects. Knot Factor– Light Light is important to both animals and plants as it is the main source of living organisms energy on earth. It takes part in photosynthesis which provides energy to both animals and plants, required for growth, movement and survival. Plants need to grow to be used as a food source for animals. Light is also important for animals vision, without light we would not be able to see which would hamper movement and many senses. Humans also required sunlight for vitamin D. Light is also needed for warmth. Factor– Temperature Temperature is a major determining factor of global climate patterns. It affects the life cycles of plants and animals, influences weather and tides, and controls the freeze and thaw of the polar ice caps. A small change in average temperature can have powerful effects on the environment worldwide and can determine if a certain species has a suitable habitat for survival. Temperature also affects the rate of important reactions, it effects enzymes and many other chemicals and their efficiency. Factor-Humidity Humidity drives most of the observable weather phenomena starting with clouds via fog, rain to storms and finally to such dramatic weather phenomena as hurricanes. It is not possible to forecast the weather exactly without precise knowledge of humidity in all the layers of the atmosphere. Humidity affects chemical reactions, the environment of animals and plants. Factor– Salinity Ocean salinity plays key roles in the global hydrological cycle, ocean circulation and in regulating Earth's climate. Today's scientists know that Earth's water cycle is dominated by exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere, with sea surface salinity (SSS) varying because of freshwater input and output, via the processes of evaporation and precipitation. Factor– O2 Concentration plant cells need oxygen to live, because without oxygen they can't perform aerobic respiration to produce co2 (respiration is the process of breaking down food to get energy). Similarly animals need o2 to respire and live, breath and produce energy. O2 concentration also effects habitats as different species require different levels of o2. Factor– CO2 Concentration Without CO2 the life of photosynthetic organisms and animals would be impossible, given that CO2 provides the basis for the synthesis of organic compounds that provide nutrients for plants and animals. We also know CO2 is toxic to humans therefore affects their health. However plants need co2 for energy. Factor-Wind Wind effects seed dispersal and aids the production of pollen needed for pollination which is important because it leads to the production of fruits we can eat, and seeds that will create more plants. Wind also effects the moisture surrounding guard cells and the gas and water exchange in plants and animals.

Military Ranks, Units and Weapons

Military Ranks, Units and Weapons Military Ranks, Units and Weapons Military Ranks, Units and Weapons By Mark Nichol Even the best and most popular authors get facts wrong sometimes (often because they leave research to others and don’t vet it, or are careless in their own investigations), but that’s no excuse for shoddy writing that contradicts what a large segment of the readership knows to be true. One area that’s a minefield, so to speak, for writers is the military. It’s easy to find detailed information about military ranks, units, and weaponry, not to mention history, but here’s some basic training: Military Rank Various nations follow differing conventions of nomenclature for military ranks, which specify an individual’s place in the military hierarchy. Charts that compare various military ranks among and within countries abound in print and online, but the major distinction is between commissioned officers, noncommissioned officers, and enlisted personnel. The first category is for personnel, often college graduates, who command units of various sizes depending on seniority. Noncoms are experienced enlisted personnel who supervise smaller groups of lower-ranking personnel. The term captain is a common point of confusion. A captain (the word is from the Latin for â€Å"head†) originally led a company of soldiers of indeterminate size. In modern armies, marine units, and air forces, captains are relatively low-ranking officers probably in their late 20s or early 30s. Naval captains, however, for reasons I won’t detail here, are much higher in equivalent seniority and usually much older. Furthermore, the commanding officer of most vessels is, by tradition, called the captain, though they may not hold that specific rank. In books, films, and television programs, the creators often stretch the bounds of probability as far as rank is concerned. In the original Star Trek TV series, for example, Captain Kirk was very young to be commanding a starship, though the 2009 big-screen reboot gives a plausible explanation for his precocious promotion. (Well, as plausible as anything is concerned when the subject is Star Trek.) By contrast, Brad Pitt’s character in Quentin Tarantino’s World War II action flick Inglourious Basterds [sic] is a mere army lieutenant. People who hold that beginner’s rank are likely to be in their early to mid-20s, but Pitt is old enough to be a lieutenant’s father. Military-style ranks are used in American police and fire departments. In large cities, a captain is a fairly high rank (while lieutenants are fairly common, especially among detectives), but in smaller departments, the chief may hold the rank of captain, and there may be only one lieutenant, or up to several. Similarly, a captain or a lieutenant heads up a fire company, which may consist of only a few firefighters, but a small-town fire department with a single station may be headed by a captain. Military Units You’ve seen it before: a book or movie synopsis that goes something like â€Å"A tough sergeant leads a platoon of commandos behind enemy lines . . . .† The military has a very specific organizational structure, and a platoon, which consists of several dozen soldiers, is never led by a sergeant, who in combat would be responsible for no more than a dozen or so men. As it turns out, the story’s commando unit consists of eight guys. There’s no military unit ordinarily consisting of eight soldiers, but an ad hoc assemblage could informally be called a squad. But if it’s on a special mission, even a mere eight-man unit would likely be led not by a sergeant but by a fairly junior officer, like Tom Hanks’s Captain Miller in Saving Private Ryan (who is assisted by a sergeant, who would take charge if his commanding officer were killed or incapacitated). Military Weapons Plenty of derision has been aimed over the years at war and cop movies and westerns, and at genre fiction, in which the hero’s magic gun never runs out of bullets, but it still happens. (I was annoyed too, while watching an already annoying fantasy film, when a character ambled through a crowded market square with an uncovered double-bladed battle-ax strapped to his back. All he had to do was inadvertently back into somebody to perform an instant nose-ectomy.) Follow the Drill Details like these may seem trivial to civilians, but they’re distracting to millions of service members and veterans, and many others, who know a sergeant major from a major general, a division from a detachment, and a Luger from a Ruger. The same problem afflicts people with firsthand or secondhand knowledge of any other system or profession or industry or avocation. So, if you’re going to write about the military, or about any other topic, do your research, and write it right. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline Essay Example

Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline Essay Example Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline Paper Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline Paper Overview In todays global economy, firms rely on the analysis of macroeconomic and industry data to develop performance improving strategies and increase their profitability. With this in mind, the following report consists of an analysis of the U. Macro environment, the airline Industry, and Delta Air Lines. It covers both a historic period from 1996 to 2000 and a current period from 2001 to the present. Even though there has been current significant Improvement in GAP, there are new concerns regarding deflation, the present jobless recovery, and the fact that production is increasing at a faster rate than demand. Subsequent analysis will focus on the changing factors that have lead to these results. When facing economic expansion or recession, the Federal Reserve Board (the Fed) relies on different measures to potentially Influence the economic environment. The Feeds current approach has been the opposite; It has expanded the money supply to lower the targeted federal funds rate In order to try to pull the economy out of the recession and generate sustainable amount of economic growth. Economic expansion (1996 2000) contributed to Deltas and the overall airline industry positive performance. On average, the airline industry contributed O. These macroeconomic events had direct effects over the airline industry. For example, increase in labor and fuel costs forced labor cuts in the Industry and the grounding of a significant number of aircraft. The different factors affecting the Industrys performance also have direct effects over Delta Air Lines. This is evidenced by the generation of profits during the expansion period (totaling LOS$ 4,040 million) and losses during the period of economic downturn (totaling US$ 2,934 million). With loss still remaining on their income statements, major carriers, including Delta, are searching for deferent ways o face the new low-cost competition. By analyzing past and current trends in the macroeconomic environment, In the airline Industry, and In Deltas performance, respectively, we highlight existing links between each. It Is Important to mention that our analysis focuses solely on the commercial aviation sector in order to satisfy Deltas informational needs.  Based on this research and analysis, our report is intended to provide an objective macroeconomic and industry forecast for the coming year and provide recommendations to Delta. The Macroeconomic Environment We now analyze the U. Agronomic environment during the historic and current periods. GAP Analysis To understand the changes In GAP behavior we look at its basic components (See Average Growth of Real GAP Components graph). These international economic problems caused the dollar to strengthen against foreign currencies, which in turn debilitated U. This deteriorating environment gave way to the current period, greeted by recession. Worries related to the war with Iraq, as well as persistent concerns about the course of economic activity and corporate earnings, created a high degree of risk aversion mongo Dustless executives Tanat constrained capital spending Ana null. I nose factors will be discussed in more detail in subsequent analysis. Inflation Analysis The general trend for inflation during both the historic and current periods has been to remain low. For example, in the airline industry, Internet fare bookings have decreased overall commission expenses. However, profit margins were contracted as rising costs created higher prices in a competitive market environment. Capacity Utilization In our previous analysis we mentioned the effects of increased productivity and market competition on inflation. These factors were fueled by the overall favorable economic conditions. After analyzing the differences and trends in the macroeconomic environment between the historic and current periods, we now focus our attention on the Federal Reserves role in the economy. Feeds Response To meet the goals of high growth, low inflation, and low unemployment, the Fed looks at the range of variables discussed in previous analysis. 5% in order to try to pull the economy out of the recession and generate sustainable amount of economic growth. The Federal Reserve also lowered the targeted federal funds rate in order o reduce the strain on the economy caused by international economic instability (Asia, Russia, and Latin America). As mentioned in the Inflation Analysis section, price increases have been low throughout this period due to: Decrease in overall spending Decrease in wealth due to poor stock market returns High unemployment rates Lower capacity utilization In the present, fiscal policy has provided additional support to consumer spending. At present, inflation, for the first time since the early sass, is as low as the Fed wants so low, in fact, that threes a remote risk of the economy tipping into a debilitating deflation. The macroeconomic environment has great impact over the strategies used by industries and firms. To illustrate this relationship, we presented in this section an analysis of the most influential factors in industry and firm decision making which are: real GAP growth and its components, inflation, and productivity. Our analysis also covered the inverse relationship that exists between the unemployment rate and both capacity utilization and consumer confidence. The next section focuses on the airline industry. Agronomic environment to the overall industry performance during the historic and current periods. Our main focus will be centered on the industry contribution to GAP, its competitive environment, pricing and economies of scale strategies, and its major costs. The Airline Industry All the macroeconomic factors we have analyzed have direct influence over the behavior of the different industries in the economy. In this section, we discuss the airline industry performance during the historic and current periods by emphasizing the relationship it poses with the macro environment. Traditionally, there has been a direct relationship between the growth of the economy and the growth of the industry. For instance, during the historic period, the industry and the economy were both characterized by decreasing unemployment, and as the GAP improved, the industry sustained profits. In the current period, the industry was badly affected by the existing recession, and even with the recent improvement in the economic environment, the industry has not been able to recover at the same rate as the economy. The changes in the macroeconomic environment have great influence over the industry mainly due to its principle characteristics: The current market structure AT ten Lorene Ministry Is centralize Day a null degree AT market incarceration with a small number of dominant, large firms although other producers are present. In the airline industry, the top airlines historically were American, Continental, Delta, Northwest, US Airways, and United, better known as the Big Six. Traditionally, entry of smaller firms into this market was moderately difficult due to strategies used by the Big Six such as: Cutting ticket prices below actual cost (predatory Holding gates and slots at airports so they can conveniently fly ion and out blocking smaller firms Holding long-term leases on gates and retaining dates currently onto in use to prevent their use by others Holding veto rights over airport expansion projects that might let ion new competitors Controlling critical ground-handling baggage services at dominant hubs; usually charging smaller airlines prohibitively high prices for using them The Industry Evolves Even with the long-standing structure of the airline industry, changes are inevitable. The most important challenge faced is the change in the industry competitive environment. As the airline industry entered the current period, it faced problems related to the general economic recession. The 9/1 1 terrorist attacks and the war with Iraq have led to further dampening effects on the industry. A new breed of carriers is gaining strength in this environment: low-cost airlines. Industry Performance and Contribution to GAP Historically, there has been a very strict correlation between how the airline industry performs financially and how the nations economy performs, measured by GAP. This indicates that the airline industry was a major contributor to the nations economy. During this period, airlines reported high net profits linked to the period of economic expansion discussed in the macroeconomic section of this port. Historical periods profits enabled airline carriers to rebuild their balance sheets from the Gulf War years. Unfortunately, from 2001 to the present, the industry has accumulated net losses. Although GAP figures had already been declining prior to 9/1 1, as the above graph indicates, the slowing economy and the bursting dot. Com bubble also negatively impacted the industry. This deteriorating behavior is once again consistent with the performance of the overall macroeconomic environment. At the present, the low-cost carriers are capitalizing on the debt of the major carriers. This capitalization, coupled with huge investments made by big firms during the historical period (See Aircraft Orders Options graph) to face increased demand, forced big airlines to improve efficiency through cost-cutting measures described in further analysis. The precipitous drop in traffic following the 9/1 1 attacks were mirrored by the industry sharp reduction in capacity fleets shrunk by 298 aircraft. Industry Costs Bleed Profits During the historic period, the effects of decreased demand and increased competitive pressures from low-cost carriers have made major airlines focus on cost management to improve their income statements, which have been yielding negative numbers since 2001. The largest expenses for the airline industry in both the historical and current periods include flying operations (29%), aircraft and traffic servicing (16%), maintenance (12%), and promotion and sales (11%). We begin by analyzing the industry largest expense: labor. More than 1/3 of the revenue generated each day is used to pay the workforce, causing airline labor costs per employee to be among the highest of any industry in the US. The graph to the left illustrates this relationship by comparing en average annual employee compensation In ten Lorene Ministry to Tanat In ten u private industry. The industry presented a steady increase in the number of employees from 1996 to 2000. This behavior is consistent with a moderate industry expansion and contributed to low unemployment rates. Following 2000, airline companies began to look for ways to improve cost management; they began cutting labor costs. When aviation experiences economic difficulties, those difficulties reverberate across the economy. For every Job in the airline industry, an estimated 1 5 jobs are produced in the broader economy. Nearly 100,000 airline employees along with roughly 400,000 others in the U. Fuel constitutes the industry second largest operational expense. During times of relatively moderate fuel prices, these costs averaged 10 to 12% of industry expenses. The industry is exposed to severe price escalation every one-cent increase in the cost of a gallon of Jet fuel costs the industry $180 million per year. Past fuel increases and recessions have had negative effects on the airline industry, and profitability has suffered as a direct consequence of the weakening economy. Within these costs, the main expense is omissions, which constituted 13% of the industry operating expenses in the historical period. Unfortunately for airlines, they are unable to raise their prices in response to these escalated costs due to the highly competitive environment characterizing the industry. This term relates to the fact that once an airline operates in a network of city-pair routes, the marginal costs of adding new routes are low. Demand for Airline Service While the partnerships mentioned before have improved supply issues by limiting domestic competition, carriers must still deal with other factors affecting demand.