Case Study - Mountain Bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study - Mountain Bank - Essay Example Universalistic approach Universalistic approach focuses on identifying a set of practices that are beneficial to all organizations. It has a number of practices known as the commitment strategy that are beneficial to organizations. Practices in the commitment strategy give an impression that management cares about its employees. The strategy also ensures that employees have the training and freedom to pursue important job tasks. Mountain Bank should ensure that the tellers are treated well and know that they are valued as they are the main contact persons with the customers. A good and committed work force has been proved to increase efficiency in an organization and therefore increasing the overall productivity of the organization. Employees should be well trained on their tasks as they are the main drivers of customer satisfaction in the organization. Long term commitment will also assist in facilitating the strategy of leveraging the strong retailing clientele to taking up their s ervices in the real estate and corporate areas. Human Resource Strategies There are four human resource strategies that an organization can take up and these include the internal/cost approach, external/cost approach, internal/differentiation approach and external/differentiation approach. ... This strategy emphasizes hiring and retaining loyal employees who do task as per instructions given. Organizations with this strategy design work so that employees have broad roles and perform a variety of different tasks. Persons recruited and hired fit the organization culture and have a potential to become loyal employees. Efforts are made to satisfy the needs of employees and build a strong bond that reduces the likelihood of employee turnover. Organizations with this human resource strategy hire people early in their careers and provide them with extensive training in a number of different skills. Careers include different positions and promotions are made into positions that are not closely related to previous experiences. Performance appraisals are designed to facilitate cooperation rather than competition, thus encouraging team work. Compensation includes long-term incentives and benefits. Unions which help build feelings of unity are common in organizations with this kind of strategy. The external orientation combined with a cost leadership strategy results in a Bargain Laborer HR strategy. The emphasis of this strategy is on obtaining employees who do not demand high wages. Organizations with this strategy design work so that managers can tightly control employee efforts. Each employee is given clearly defined tasks that can be learned easily. People are recruited and hired to perform simple tasks that do not require clearly developed skills. Minimal attention is given in meeting the long-term needs of employees. Organizations with this human resource strategy don’t provide careers with clear paths for promotion and advancement. Performance appraisal focuses on a day-to-day feedback and rarely incorporates formal measures. Training is

Mal-Adapted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mal-Adapted - Essay Example The mentioned contributions, however, are not exhaustive and are only intended to demonstrate the extent to which IT has become an integral part of corporate life and the business process. At the same time, however, IT functions as an organization's primary area of vulnerability as it is through their malicious use that attackers can infest an organization's system with viruses, worms, spyware and countless other types of malware (Gold, 2001; Rhode-Ousley, Bragg and Strassberg, 2003; Chen, Thompson and Elder, 2005). In light of dependency versus vulnerability, therefore, it is incumbent upon organization's and business entities to institute such protections as would shield the entity from such attacks. Sometimes, however, whether intentional or unintentional, the attack may come from within. Discussing the extent of my organization's vulnerability to malware with the head of the network and ICT department, I learnt that the company had been subjected to several attacks in the past, two of which were quite serious and, both caused by the activities of employees. As the head of the ICT department remarked as a prelude to his description of the attacks, two years ago and, in the wake of an external attacks which bordered on the catastrophic, the organization made a substantial investment in network security. At the department's recommendation, the organization's leadership consented to the implementation of third generation IA technologies which focused on in-depth defense. As explained by Liu, Yu, and Jing (2005, p. 112) this type of IA embraces all of as "(a) boundary controllers, such as firewalls and access control, (b) intrusion detection and (c) threat/attack/intrusion response." Upon the implementation of the defined system, the general assumption was that the organ ization was immune to external attacks and to malware. This, as evidenced by later events, was an erroneous assumption. The source of the first malware infestation suffered by the organization following the implementation of the defense in depth IA system, came from the Research an Development Department. The ICT department had initially recommended the securitization of the network against direct downloads from the internet, even at the explicit request and consent of users. The R&D department had vehemently argued against this, emphasizing that were such a security procedure to be implemented, their work would be literally brought to a standstill. The argument presented was persuasive and, therefore, the R&D department maintained the mentioned privilege. Less than two months following the implementation of the system, complaints regarding adware and spam email which contained malicious attachments, remained high, to the extent that it seemed as if the defense in depth system installed was ineffectual. Indeed, the department remained as engaged as ever in the removal of adware and in dealing with malicious spam. Needless to say, the cost of wasted time and effort was substantial since, as the employees whom I discussed this event with recalled, attempting to access the internet was futile. Pop-ups and constant redirections from addresses initially requested simply meant that getting any work done was a monumental task in itself. The ICT department, as the head informed me, determined to trace the source as the possibility of the installed system being ineffectual simply defied logic. As the

Zimbabwes present economy Essay Example for Free

Zimbabwes present economy Essay Introduction: Zimbabwe is facing a huge economic crisis that is worsening living standards by the day and a decline in industrial growth. Unemployment is now one of the highest in the world, running at 50% against an annual population growth of 3%, mainly because of inadequate sustainable job creation activities in the market. The rampant unemployment has given rise to the worsening abject poverty, rising crime levels, falling quality of life and standards of living, as well as general delinquency. Close to 65% of the population is considered poor according to the latest poverty assessment. The country is facing near bankruptcy. The problem is Governments huge borrowings where much of the money is used for recurrent expenditures to meet the day to day running of Ministries. Very little is for capital investments. Since the attainment of independence in 1980, Zimbabwe has produced a number of Annual Budgets that were supposedly implemented together with the national economic plans such as the following: Zimbabwe Conference on Reconstruction and Development (ZIMCORD), On the Road to Socialism, Transitional National Development Plan (TNDP) that came in volumes I and II; Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) 1991-1995, Zimbabwe Programme on Economic and Social Transformation (ZIMPREST) 1998-2000, Millennium Economic Recovery Programme (MERP) 2000-2002, Ten Point Plan and more recently the National Economic Revival Programme (NERP) February 2003. The focus of all these policies was to bring about economic development and improved quality of life for Zimbabweans. Regrettably, none of these economic policy documents together with the accompanying annual budgets have succeeded in producing real positive tangible results especially in the area of poverty reduction. A number of factors accoun t for this hence the rampant poverty that has rocked the country today. An analysis of the various economic recovery and reform programmes is done summarily done below with more emphasis and time given to the most recent one NERP. Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) In October 1990, the Zimbabwe government succumbed to Western donor pressure and grudgingly agreed to implement the five-year Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) as a response to the economic crisis which had been afflicting the country since the 1980s. The measures introduced were: Removal of price controls; Removal of wage controls; Reduction of government expenditure; A 40 per cent devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar; Removal of subsidies on basic consumer goods; Liberalising the foreign currency allocation system; Removal of protection of non-productive import substituting industries and increased profit remittance abroad; and A radical restructuring of the various parastatals and other public enterprises. ESAPs prime mandate was to shift the style of economic management from a setup where state intervention was perverse towards a framework where market forces had more influence. Economic liberalization was expected to accommodate major fiscal reforms, aimed at trimming the budget deficit from 10% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to 5%, increasing national output by 5% over the reform period, as well as reduction of inflation from over 17% to 10% by 1995. The major achievement made by ESAP was domestic deregulation, trade liberalization, foreign currency liberalization, and foreign direct investment liberalization (among other areas of deregulation). The major  challenge during the period was the issue of huge fiscal deficits that averaged 10 percent of GDP. Though inflation was an issue, it was still within manageable levels. Zimbabwe Program for Social and Economic Transformation (ZIMPREST) Beyond ESAPs phase, the Program for Social and Economic Transformation was implemented from 1998 to 2000, with focus on consolidating the gains of economic liberalization. ZIMPREST still pressed forward with economic stabilization, aiming to reduce the budget deficit from 10% of GDP to 5% and inflation to single digit levels. The major constraint ZIMPREST encountered was the fact that donors did not provide any funding, nor did budgetary provisions take note of its funding. The economy as a result subdued, and savings and investments tumbled from 18% of GDP in 1996 to 9% and 13% respectively in 1999. Millennium Economic Recovery Program (MERP) In the year 2000, the Millennium Economic Recovery Program (MERP) was launched, with a thrust towards restoring macro economic stability and therefore restore a vibrant economic growth and ridding the economy of inflation. Fiscal reforms and monetary policy measures would foster to restore price stability, while the domestic debt portfolio was to be massively restructured and industry sector revived. The program never took off due to lack of coherence on whether the economy should continue on liberalism or perhaps pursue a compromise, which places less emphasis on markets. At most MERP was marked with major policy reversals with initial and subsequent commitments to adjust the exchange rate for example remaining on ice, and the local unit maintaining a peg of Z$55 to the US$, despite widening inflation differentials with trading partner counties. It is also the time when the government reversed market economics, culminating in the institution of price controls in the third quarter of 2001. The failure to implement MERP marked the turning point on steeper falls in business confidence in Zimbabwes economic history, with business failure  rising significantly. The economy took a steeper downward trajectory in the period. Since then economic events have not helped either to build or sustain business confidence. The performance of most sectors was largely influenced by the aforementioned economic terrain; where neither ESAP nor ZIMPREST have been able to tame macro economic instability and MERP went on to accommodate it. All productive sectors have maintained a negative growth trend since the year 2000, save for estate, finance and insurance. The performance of these sectors hence mirror the persistent decline in national output. Since there is a strong correlation between agriculture and manufacturing, the ESAP era had a strong growth for all sectors, yet the ZIMPREST and MERP depict basically an erratic and downward trend. National Economic Revival Programme (NERP This is the most recent of the economic reforms and was launched in February of 2003. This was a brainchild of consultations with social partners namely Government, Business and Labour under the Tripartite Negotiating Forum (TNF). NERP was formulated with the principal objectives of: Increasing the output across the productive sectors as a way of reducing shortages and curbing the black market; Increasing employment generation through sector specific measures and Improving exporter viability and the supply of foreign currency through an Export Support Scheme. Under NERP, sector specific measures were formulated which are: agriculture, manufacturing, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), mining, tourism and services sectors. Under agriculture, the following measures are being implemented:- Offering viable producer prices timeously Entering into contract farming to ensure adequate supply of strategic crops for exports, local consumption and seeds; Putting in place a Dairy Development Facility; Providing adequate resources to enable the productive use of the land, since the latter is a basic economic resource which must be exploited efficiently and effectively and Introducing duty free exemptions on imported agricultural equipment not locally available, amongst others. Under manufacturing, the policy thrust will be to reverse de-industrialisation and increase capacity utilisation in the manufacturing sector through:- Reviewing the countrys Industrial Development Strategy; Resuscitating the business linkages programme; Introducing technology linkages programmes between manufacturing industries and institutions of higher learning and research and Availing financial support to distressed companies Under Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), the Government acknowledges that an integrated policy and strategy for the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is critical for generating employment, stimulating growth and contributing to foreign exchange generation and has thus instituted the following :- Developing the enabling and regulatory environment; Investment promotion in SMEs; Improving access to markets and finance; Providing technology and infrastructure support and Undertaking entrepreneurship, management and skills development programmes In the mining sector, the measures include:- Allowing the small scale mining sector to benefit from the productive and export sector facilities where they access at 15 and 5 percent respectively; Putting in place incentives for projects that encourage value addition of exported minerals and metals in order to increase foreign currency generation and employment opportunities and Implementing a revised and consolidated fiscal regime for the sector. Under Tourism, in order for Zimbabwe to regain its reputation as a leading tourist destination, the following will be done:- Launching a public relations campaign; Intensifying marketing activities and broadening tourist source markets to realise diversification; Encouraging investment in tourism infrastructure (such as shopping malls, agro and eco-tourism development zones) and Promoting the cultural industry to realise its income potential through cultural tourism. Under the services sector, the following will be implemented amongst others:- Enhancing marketing of agricultural commodities by establishing an Agricultural Marketing Authority; and Recapitalisation of key public transport enterprises in order to improve urban transport. In addition, the Government through the Tripartite Negotiating Forum signed a Prices and Incomes Stabilisation Protocol on 30 January 2003 whose fundamental objectives are to:- Enhance viability of companies as well as sustain production; Guarantee the availability of products on the market at affordable prices; and Deal effectively with problems arising from the regime of price controls. Further, Government instituted the following measures to ensure that savers and borrowers mutually benefit from the following interest rate policy:- Narrow the current high spreads between deposits and lending rates in line with international best practices; Reviewing upwards deposit interest rates on consumption and speculative activities; and Reviewing the proliferation of service charges levied on depositors by banks. The link to the 2003 National Budget hinges upon: Development of a Macroeconomic Consistency Framework which ensures consistency between policy implementation and performance of the four sectors of the economy; A supplementary budget to accommodate additional expenditures occasioned by  the financial implications of NERP; and Development of a Medium Term Expenditure Framework to ensure the improvement of the macroeconomic environment, for the period 2003 to 2005. Assessment of the National Economic Revival Program: The best tool to asses NERP is the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats model which is outlined below: NERP Strengths: Some of the strength of NERP are as follows: It is about immediate measures to revive the economy, which gives it some urgency and focus; It draws heavily from deliberations of the TNF and was in fact sanctioned by it. This implies a high level of consensus on the policy measures contained therein; It specifically derogates responsibility to specific bodies or parties. It is therefore easy to check who has to what by looking at the implementation matrix. It is part of a comprehensive set of protocols focussing on specific areas; and It had a clear time frame. NERP Weaknesses NERP suffers from the following weaknesses: Its implementation is based on the TNF principles of trust and goodwill. Without these, it founders; Slippages in one area affect the rest; Lack of harmony and consistency of government policy creates unwarranted policy conflicts that undermine its implementation; Deteriorating political conditions and in particular increased polarisation of the Zimbabwean society undermine its implementation and therefore success; it comes after the budget: in the context of already inadequate resources, it falls on its face. It contains high expansionary measures (for instance on land), which are inflationary (yet in its own analysis it decried the fact that money supply growth reached 150% by December 2002); It lacks measures to deal with hyperinflation. No sterilisation measures are included; It is about everything, and yet it is a short term programme; there is no prioritisation of issues; It is based on representative democracy; constituencies may not be aware of what they have been bound to or may not be able to implement their obligations; It is impeded by a general lack of political will; and It has no time horizon. NERP Opportunities The opportunities to it include: What needs to be done is collectively determined and known; Given the right environment, the stakeholders are committed to implementing it; Flexible framework of the TNF based on the win-win principle; and It allows for self and collective responsibility and evaluation. NERP Threats The key threats to NERP include: Policy conflicts (stabilisation versus expansion); lack of adequate implementation capacity; Overcrowded agenda and lack of prioritisation; Unrealistic expectations; sometimes seen as a quick-fix magic; Lack of resources and continued resort to domestic borrowing; Slippages in implementation; the programme is already behind schedule; In formalisation of the economy; Political expediency may result in policy inconsistencies; Continued political polarisation; Stakeholder mistrust and misunderstanding; and Lack of political will. Conclusion: However, a combination of near-total disregard by government for all those components of the programme which were at variance with intensive state control of all major facets of the economy, or which were in conflict with failed ideologies, and two years of severe drought, saw the first three years of ESAP as an economic non-event. By 1993 government had little alternative but to implement much of that which it had up until then disregarded, although it did so reluctantly and half-heartedly. Nevertheless, belatedly ESAP began to yield positive results and therefore it was used as the basis for the next programme, intended to be implemented from 1996 the Zimbabwe Programme of Economic and Social Transformation (ZIMPREST). But governments lack of enthusiasm was such that although the programme was to be embarked upon in 1996, it was only released to the population in general and to investors, financiers, commerce and industry in particular in 1998 and never meaningfully introduced. So in 2000 government announced its Millennium Economic Recovery Programme (MERP). As with ZIMPREST, that programme proved to be only plentiful words and glossy papers but devoid of any substantive implementation and it was soon cast away into oblivion. In its stead, government announced a new programme the National Economic Recovery Programme (NERP) in February. However, with virtually the only exception being an exchange rate adjustment or export support exchange rate (both being euphemisms for devaluation), NERP was as shallow in its application as had been ESAP, ZIMPREST and MERP. The economy has continued to decline to an ever greater extent, with many believing, erroneously, that it is now beyond redemption. Not only has government shown remarkably consistency in its failure to implement any of its formal economic development or recovery programmes other than with the greatest of superficiality, but it has shown equally great consistency in devising and implementing actions diametrically opposite to those envisaged by the various programmes and plans that it had so proudly placed before Zimbabweans. In so doing, it has brought the  economy to its knees. Inflation has reached an astronomic level of more than 364,5% for the year to June with that months inflation at 21,1%, an all-time record. Never has there been such a high proportion of the population without employment. Never has there been so many suffering and facing malnutrition, if not severe starvation, at incomes far below the poverty datum line, as is now the case. Never has Zimbabwe been as short of foreign exchange, with consequential devastating shortages of fuel, energy, basic foodstuffs, industrial raw materials, agricultural and mining imports, medications, and much else. Agriculture has been virtually destroyed, the mining industrys operations heavily reduced, tourism emaciated, and the manufacturing and distributive sectors battling to survive. And never has government incurred deficits of the scale that are now the order of the day. So great are those deficits that government must now present a supplementary budget to parliament as the national budget tabled in November 2002 and the fiscal out-turn to date have no commonality. As has become a regularity, the spending of almost all ministries is way in excess of the votes approved by parliament. Compounding the problems created by governments profligacy has been the differential in governmental revenues received as against those envisaged in the national budget. With a withering economy, it is inevitable that taxation receipts must fall and with limited foreign exchange the extent of imports diminishes with a corresponding reduction in inflows of Customs duties and import taxes. But another significant non-receipt is that in contrast to expectations in the 2001, 2002, and 2003 national budgets, government has had very little by way of proceeds from the intended privatisation of state enterprises. The intention to divest itself of all but the most critically strategic businesses owned by government has been one of the major elements of ESAP,  ZIMPREST, MERP and NERP. While government repeatedly failed to pursue many of the elements of those programmes, nevertheless it did effect some privatisations between 1998 and 2002, and with some considerable success. Effectively and successfully, the Jewel Bank, Dairiboard, Rainbow Tourism Group, Cotton Company of Zimbabwe, and Zimbabwe Reinsurance Corporation were privatised. Not only did government realise significant amounts from the sale of its investments but the privatised enterprises rapidly demonstrated substantial growth and enhanced efficiency of operations. The privatisation programme has clearly ground to an ignominious halt and contrary to detaching itself from commercial and other economic production enterprise; government is increasing its involvement through some of its parastatals. Enterprises such as the National Oil Company of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority, National Railways of Zimbabwe, Cold Storage Company, Air Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation, the GMB, and many others have become an ever-heavy millstone around the neck of the fiscus. Evidently, therefore, the inclusion of privatisation in NERP is yet another hollow economic plan of government one devoid of substance. Pity, therefore, the poor officials in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development required to formulate the supplementary budget. They have to find ways of exacting the funds needed by government but have great difficulty in finding any way of doing so within a derelict economy without further catastrophically afflicting that economy and without extorting yet more from a desperately impoverished population. Under the current programme (NERP), the government was supposed to have explored models of land tenure systems vis a vis property rights by March 2003. It was supposed to have reviewed maximum A2 farm sizes and rationalised and consolidated land allocation in line with an audit by the Land Task force the same month. Instead, it threw away the report without disclosing its findings to the public and setup another audit team which is still working on its audit. The government is supposed to have reviewed and topped up input schemes, finance and extension services and facilitated the setting up of commodity associations by the same month. It should have introduced a Dairy Development Programme to revive dairy farms by March 2003 and transformed Agribank into a Land Bank as well as the disbanded Agricultural Marketing Authority. Other tasks that should have been carried out by March included the review of the Industrial Review Strategy to address de-industrialisation, low capacity utilisation, increased exports and empowerment and, a review of the gold support scheme. International public relations companies should have been hired to counter negative publicity. Several measures to boost foreign currency should have been implemented in February 2003. These included an export support scheme, a review of the 50:50 export proceeds surrender every quarter, the introduction of an export revolving fund and incentives to attract remittances from non-resident Zimbabweans. A credible external payments arrears repayment programme should also have been put in place in February. The government should have put in place trigger mechanisms to adjust the prices of fuel, and tariffs for coal and electricity by February. It should also have concluded and signed the Kadoma Declaration (this focuses on addressing the mismatch between policy design and implementation) by February. As things stand, it is still groping in the dark, calling on the nation to remain steadfast Rambai makashinga Economic policy reform in Zimbabwe has not resulted in improved socio-economic welfare for the populace. Consequently, economic decline has resulted in widespread political discontent and disaffection with the present regime. As political tensions have reached a political impasse, there are concerns that Zimbabwes economy is on the brink of total collapse. As the Kadoma Declaration observes, without the assistance of  development partners, it is difficult to revive the economy. While the rest of the world may not need Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe certainly needs the rest of the world.

Oil And Ghee Industry Pollution

Oil And Ghee Industry Pollution Environmental degradation by the industrial sector is a matter of serious concern not only in Pakistan, but also all over the world. Steps have to be taken to initiate measures to combat pollution, thereby, enabling the industries to comply with the international local standards, e.g., National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) and the ISO 14000 certification. In Pakistan, there are 20 industrial sectors which are of the most concern. One of which is the edible oil and ghee sector. This report aims to address the environmental pollution problems of the Edible Oil sector. It has been compiled on the basis of the statistical data available on the sector both at global and national level and the information related to the case study from both primary and secondary data sources. The objective of this report is to assess the nature and extent of environmental problems caused by an edible oil industry, to quantify the pollution loads, water reuse and recycling, process modifications and recommendations. Many technological processes are carried out in order to obtain refined vegetable oils from seeds. The main processes include refining, degumming, neutralization, bleaching, deodorization and winterization. During these processes by-products and wastes are formed. The operating conditions and processes carried out influence the amount and characteristics of the by-products and wastes formed. The wastewater varies both in quantity and characteristics from one oil industry to another. The composition of wastewater from the same industry also varies widely from day to day. However, despite the use of these methods, disposal and waste treatment still remain major challenges in the fats and oils industries. One of the contributing factors as to why such wastewaters are difficult to treat is the complexity of their sources. Sources, among others, include heat exchangers, barometric condensers, gas scrubbers, cleaning of greasy floors and equipment, leakages, process water from the refining plant and soap stock splitting effluents. Moreover, vegetable oil refinery wastewater is known to contain chemical compounds like phenol, heavy metals from bleaching earth, catalysts used in the hydrogenation process, oxidizable substances and fats and oils. Because of quantity and characteristic variations and complexity, wastewater treatment to meet the desired effluent standards is complicated, and the choice of methods of wastewater treatment depends on many local conditions and, therefore, cannot be standardized. Water use minimization and wastewater reuse and recycling is a far better option to go for, especially when there are limited finances for end of pipe treatment methods. This could also involve process modifications for the oil and ghee industry. Research Objectives:- Air emission: Emissions are generally generated from the generators, boiler, and vegetable oil processing and oil extraction solvents. Level of effluents in an industry. Waste Water: Effluents are produced mainly from deodorization, boiler blow down, refinery section, neutralization, degumming etc. On average 12,600 m3/day of wastewater is generated having considerably high BOD (mg/L), COD (mg/L), TDS, TSS, etc. level of waste water produced in industry. Solid Waste: Effluents are produced mainly from deodorization, boiler blow down, refinery section, neutralization, degumming etc. On average 12,600 m3/day of wastewater is generated having considerably high BOD (mg/L), COD (mg/L), TDS, TSS, etc. Solid waste produced in industry. Theoretical frame work:- To formulate theoretical framework, first we need to enlist all the variables in our study and state the weather its independent or dependent. List Variables Air emission Independent variable Waste Water Independent variable Solid Waste Independent variable pollution Dependent variable The variable Pollution is dependent and it is the main focus of our research. All the other variables influence it. Increasing or decreasing Air emission caused by the production of edible oil and ghee directly affects air pollution. Likewise, any change in the amount of water waste or solid waste produced will also directly affect water pollution. As a result, if we minimize the air emissions, water and solid wastes than we will be able to bring pollution to a minimum level. This can be done by maximizing recycling and disposing off the wastes properly and safely. Literature Review:- Industrial pollution is also a major health risk in Faisalabad. According to Dr Amjad Ali Rana, a senior teacher at Community Medicine department of Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad: Here the diseases have some connection or the other with environmental pollution like skin diseases, asthma, TB, heart diseases, hepatitis and even cancer. They are found in greater ratio than any other city in Punjab. (By Dr. Amjad Ali Rana) He also reveals some terrifying consequences of industrial pollution in Faisalabad. According to findings of different studies, industrial pollution in Faisalabad is not only disturbing the Ozone layer in atmosphere, it is also becoming a source of its production on ground. On ground level ozone simply works as a poison. In winter it forms smog (smoke+fog) along with many other hazardous emissions of industries. This is why the death rate among infants and elderly people is more in four winter months in Faisalabad as compares to other eight months of the year. (By A. Sahi) In a survey conducted by PPI, revealed that presently almost five hundred factories were currently operating in the I-9 and I-10 industrial estates which were causing water and air pollution in the area. Out of the existing 500 plants, there were 204 manufacturing units in the area. Complaints of diseases like chest congestion and asthma, which were directly linked to air pollution, are frequent among I-9 and I-10 residents. The quality of air in these areas was never tested due to the non-availability of adequate facilities. Experts say that commissioning 500 more industrial plants in the area would increase pollution levels considerably. (By A Survey conducted by PPI) Environmental damage and pollution created by the oil industry have caused violations of the rights to good health and a clean environment, the right to an sufficient standard of living (including the right to clean drinking water and unpolluted food) and the right to have a livelihood through work for thousands of people. (By Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Oil companies have been exploiting weak regulatory system for much long. They do not effectively prevent environmental damage and they repeatedly fail to properly address the overwhelming impact that their dreadful practice has on peoples lives. (By Audrey Gaughran of Amnesty International.) More than half of the people in the region rely on the natural environment for their livelihood but pollution by the oil producing factories are destroying their essential resource. (By Audrey Gaughran) The Pakistan Environment Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) has asked owners of the industrial units in the Industrial Estate Islamabad to install efficient devices to control pollution in the federal capital. INTRODUCTION Industry overview: The selected Shan Oil and Ghee Industry is one of the biggest manufactures of oil and ghee in Lahore. In 1982, the unit of production is 30M tons per day. After the installation of new units in 1995, the production reaches 150M tons per day. The major product includes cooking oil, ghee and soap. The total area of Shan Oil and Ghee industry is around 10 Acre and covered area is 70% of the total area which make approximately 7 acre. Main departments include Office Block, refining section, boiler section oil storage section, Storage area, Hydrogen cracking plant, oil and ghee filling and storage section and CO2 filling section and solid scrap storage area. Location and Surrounding: Shan oil and ghee industry is located in Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate, Kot Lakhpat Lahore. Other prominent industry around the ABC oil and ghee industry is Hamdard Factory. Drainage Disposal The total area of Shan Oil and Ghee industry is around 10 Acre and covered area is 70% of the total area which make approximately 7 acre. Main departments include Office Block, refining section, boiler section oil storage section, Storage area, Hydrogen cracking plant, oil and ghee filling and storage section and CO2 filling section and solid scrap storage area. Importance of Oil and Ghee Industry: Consumers use it widely in commercial as well as in home applications. The oil is used in stir-fry dishes, snack foods, seafood, vegetables and different foods around the globe. It can be used in place of any vegetable oil. Generally it is used to make mayonnaise, sauces, salad dressing and marinades etc. It can be used for baked goods as well as for spreads on foods such as bread and muffins. In refined shape, cottonseed oil is nearly clear and provides very little taste, serving mainly as a catalyst for holding ingredients together. SECTORAL INFORMATION: Role of Oil and Ghee Industry in the National Economy: The number of small and medium enterprises producing Vegetable oil and ghee amounts to 160 presently. The total capacity of these plants is approximately 2 million tons per annum. An additional advantage of vegetable oil production is that one of its by product is soap which is sold separately and it also has a very good role on our economy. The total number of solvent extraction plants is nearly 50 at the moment. The net worth of oil production by these plants in rupee terms is 17 billion. According to the latest research the average Pakistani consumes 16- 18 kg in a year. The actual demand increase at the rate 4.4 % from 1988 to 2000 whereas the domestic production increased by 7.3% during the same period. Role of oil and Ghee Industry in the Global Economy: The production of oil depends on the large scale industries as far as the production in Pakistan is concerned its total quantity cost. The cooking oil and vegetable ghee industry is a large manufacturing sector. In Pakistan its production was 4000 tons in 1950s, it has grown to about 60,500 tons in 2000. However, the actual demand is approximately 117,000 tons; a shortfall has been witnessed over the last two decades. This shortfall is made up through the import of cooking oils, which are added to the local production. Pakistan imported edible oil worth Rs. 11,500 million in 2001-02 and it is still increasing. In 1976, the Ghee Corporation of Pakistan was established to manage the affairs of this industry. Edible oil consumption has been increasing at an annual rate of 9% over the past 10 years, and countrys production has risen only 2% per annum. At present indigenous production of cotton seed oil, and other edible oils meet only 35%, of the total requirement of the country and the rest 65% is imported. There are 160 units producing ghee and cooking oil with an installed capacity of around 2.5 million tonnes and 1.7 million tonnes to meet annual national requirements of about 14 million tonnes. The total installed capacity of Ghee/ Edible Oil is about 3.3 million tons. The total annual domestic demand of edible oil in the country is around 2.9 million tons (including 0.2 Million tons export to Afghanistan), however the local production of edible oil is around 1.3 million tons per annum. The rest of the demand is being met through imports. Imported palm oil constitutes around 56-58 % of all oil used for production of edible oil/ghee in Pakistan. Questionnaire (customer sample):- Dear participants, I am the student of business administration in the university of central Punjab (UCP) are conducting survey on the comparative study on oil and ghee industry pollution and its effects on human lifes. I am delighted to select you as participant and your contribution in this effort will be highly appreciated select the suitable choice by marking or encircling. 1Q. How far is your home situated to the nearest oil and ghee manufacturing company? 2Q. Do the industry dispose off its gaseous waste directly into air? 3Q. Have you noticed any changes in the flavor or color of the water supplied to you? 4Q. Have you experienced any foul smells near the oil and ghee industrial area? 5Q. What percentage of your daily diet is composed of oil and ghee products? 6Q. Do you recommend the shan oil and ghee products? 7Q. Does the pollution from the oil and ghee industries cause thermal pollution? 8Q. Does the industrial pollutants contain health hazardous substances? 9Q. Does the environment pollution caused by the oil industries increase the incidence of asthma, chest congestions, cough etc in the population? 10Q. Is the increase in pollution contributed by these industries linked with increased appearance of cancer? 11Q. Does this type of pollution assist in the spread of any lethal diseases e.g. tuberculosis, cholera, malaria, dengue etc? 12Q. Do you drain your waste water directly into the sea or ocean or is it detoxified and uncontaminated first?

Utopian School :: essays papers

Utopian School My Utopian School If I was able to create my own school, and was able to select every student, every staff member, all members of the faculty, class sizes, curriculum, and everything and everyone that has to do with effectively running the school, then I believe that the utopian school would consist of the following. I believe that the students that would be enrolled in the school would have to all be of the same or around the same abilities and intelligence, I believe that if students are around other students that are at about the same level, it is easier for them to learn and score better. If all the students are slow learning, then they can be taught at the same rate, and the same goes for students with higher learning abilities. The faculty would have members from different backgrounds so that the students can learn different life experiences. Curriculum would be the same throughout all grades, all first grade would be the same, and so on, all the way up until fifth. Class sizes would be smaller , so that the teachers can give more attention to every student, and every class would have kids who are all about the same intelligence and learning rates. Support staff would also be qualified to teach the children, not just assist. They would be able to assist the children just like the teachers do. There wouldn’t actually have to be any specific groupings within the class, because every class would only consist of children that are all at the same level, so there would be no seperation, and the kids would not feel bad about being slower, and being separated from the â€Å"smart kids.† I would do my very best to make absolutely sure that the entire facility would be one-hundred percent clean, I think that a clean school would make it easier for students to learn, instead of trying to learn in filth. I would try to raise money with events and fundraisers to keep the school clean and a positive learning environment. As far as materials and equipment go, I would use the best materials and the highest grade equipment so that my students could use them to get the best education possible. I believe that all of these attributes would make the perfect school, every single student would be able to get a proper amount of attention and they would be able to use moder n technology and have people that actually care about the students and their education, and what they are going to do with their future.

Importance of Early Invention Essay -- Children Education Learning Ess

Importance of Early Invention Early childhood researchers have repeatedly found and established that the rate of human learning and development is most rapid in the preschool years. Therefore, if the child’s most teachable years are not taken advantage of, it could result in the child difficulty of learning a particular skill at a later time (Kidsource, 1996). Karnes and Lee (1978) have noted that, â€Å"only through early identification and appropriate programming can children develop to their full potential† (Smith, 1988). One of the most important skills young children must learn during their early childhood years is how to expressively communicate. "At least 70% of preschool children with disabilities have communication impairments and 12% of all services provided to infants and toddlers in 1995 were for speech and language (Luze, Linebarger, & Greenwood, 2001). Communication skills are important for young children to further gather knowledge, to grow cognitively, and to interact appropriately with others in their environment. If a child is delayed of communication skills, it may further delay other developmental areas and create problems. This may include problems in early literacy, school achievement, behavioral development, and establishing relationships with friends and family. Benefits of early intervention Three primary reasons for intervening in a young child that I have found are: to enhance the child’s development, to provide support and assistance to the family, and to maximize the child’s and family’s benefit to society. The child will need fewer special education and facilitative services later in life. It has been proven that children involved in early intervention are less likely to be held back in a... ...ton, VA: ERIC Clearinghouse on Handicapped and Gifted Children. (ERIC Document Service NO. ED295399). Retrieved February 26, 2002 from ERIC database. KidSource. What is early intervention? (1996, August 10). Retrieved February 19, 2002, from http://www.kidsource.com/kidsource/content/early.intervention.html The Editors. (2002, January 10). In early-childhood education and care: quality counts. Building Blocks for Success, 21(17), 8-9. Retrieved February 27, 2002 from http://www.edweek.org/sreports/qc02/templates/article.cmf?=17exec.h21 Newspapers & Magazines: Smith, P. (2002, February 22). You can never be too early. The Times Educational Early Intervention 14 Supplement, 1841, 23. Retrieved May 7, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis. White, T. (2001, November 16). Getting back to basics. The Baltimore Sun, 1B. Retrieved May 7, 2002 from Lexis- Nexis.

Effects of Homosexuals in Schools Essay

In the 19th century, a German psychologist coined the term â€Å"homosexuality†. Basically, homosexuality is often a sexual attraction that is primarily towards the members of the same sex (Pickett, 2006). Oftentimes, homosexual equates to being gay and/or lesbian. There are varying points of view regarding homosexuals and homosexuality. Many religious groups believe that there no one born as a homosexual. However, there are plenty of scientists, particularly psychologists who believe that a person is born this way. Religiously speaking, there are no supporting texts in the Bible that there are homosexuals. Only two genders are made: man and woman. Oftentimes, the greater portion of the homosexual community believe that they were â€Å"born gay† (Worthen, 2004). This belief and perspective oftentimes give them comfort and a sort-of justification for their â€Å"state†. Also, this very same ideology relieves them of any responsibility to change. Nevertheless, there is no firm scientific proof until today that affirm that some people are born homosexual. Genetically speaking, they are just either male or female (Worthen, 2004). Since there are no born homosexuals, many psychologists believe that homosexuality is a learned behavior. There are many factors or reasons why a person becomes homosexual. Primarily, most of these factors involve family. These include a disturbed family life in the early years (of the individual), absence of/in love on the part of either parent or a failure to identify with the same-sex parent. Later, the consequences of these reasons manifest in the individual in varying forms—and one of them is through confusion of their identity that oftentimes lead to homosexuality. But one thing is for sure—that homosexuality has many roots (excluding family). Along with the other factors that cause homosexuality, we must not also take for granted the individual. The individual’s choices also play a key part in transforming and shaping his (homosexual) identity. Majority of causes of being homosexual is rooted with family reasons. In such cases this immensely affects the behavior of the individual particularly in school. Majority of homosexuals that go to school instantly faces the burden of â€Å"coming out†. This is one of the hardest challenges that an individual must face. Since most of homosexuals that go to school are having identity crisis and fear of rejection from their peers (if ever they decided to come out), they have a very high tendency to have unusual behavior from â€Å"straight people†. Most of the time, (with the assumption that the individuals are mostly teenagers since they still go to school) these people is in high risk of suicide, substance abuse, the feeling of isolation and more importantly, school problems. Consequently, because of this kind of behavior, they (and it) inevitably affect their relationship with other people. Because they always need the feel to isolated, the tendency is that, they can be the frequent butt of jokes (especially in schools where homosexuality is not yet a very open and accepted topic) that will in turn can lead into more dangerous behaviors. Moreover, when things go uncontrollable, there is also a huge tendency for the individual to resort to many absurd and unsafe displacement methods (i. . substance abuse, committing crimes, etc). Because of the rising number of individuals (particularly young homosexuals) that is involved in this kind of situations, a great deal of number of individuals and concerned groups were established to help them. Most of these help lines offer counseling but more than that, they also make sure that the individual can pursue his/her way to full acceptance and if worse comes to worse, to their recovery. Before the advent of DNA technology, psychologists and sociologists believe that the cause of homosexuality is influenced by the environment of the individual; but with DNA testing, they were able to pinpoint that somehow, genes has something to do with it. But more importantly, we cannot deny the fact that from the beginning, there were only male and female; but as time pass, some strong environmental factors can bend the reality of life that even Nature herself find it hard to turn back (or at least minimize the bad consequences) time.